The 1960s

Civil Rights Movement Jackie Robinson – the 1 st African American to play in the Major Leagues along with the Montgomery Bus Boycott started the Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board of Education – established that separate but equal was UNCONSTITUTIONAL; overruled Plessy v. Ferguson

Civil Rights Movement “Little Rock Nine” – The governor of Arkansas called in the National Guard to prevent INTEGRATION in schools. President Eisenhower took control over the National Guard and sent soldiers to ensure that 9 African American students could attend an all white public high school.

Civil Rights Groups CORE – Congress of Racial Equality – pacifists, used peaceful confrontation. SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conference – led by MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., also advocated nonviolent protest; This group shifted the focus of the civil rights movement to the South SNCC – Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Civil Rights methods Nonviolent protest Sit-ins – Greensboro, NC Freedom Rides – testing the law that allowed blacks to ride on interstate buses and not be segregated Freedom Summer – to get blacks registered to vote

JFK & CIVIL RIGHTS Was assassinated before any programs could be passed March on Washington – led by King Proposed a Civil Rights Act but Kennedy lacked a mandate from Congress (lacked support)

LBJ (Johnson) and Civil Rights To heal the country from the assassination of Kennedy, Johnson got all of Kennedy’s Civil Rights Acts passed through Congress Civil Rights Act 1964 – banned discrimination in public places Voting Rights Act 1965 – eliminated the literacy test 24 th Amendment – ended the poll tax

The Civil Rights Movement turned radical Malcolm X – promoted black nationalism (a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of African Americans) Black Panthers – “black power”

How successful was the Civil Rights Movement? Made segregation illegal Voter registration drives made it possible for African Americans to vote

JFK John F. Kennedy New Frontier – domestic program that included ending poverty and the space program Foreign Issues: 1.Bay of Pigs Invasion – US attempt to overthrow Castro (leader of Cuba); failed, made JFK look bad 2.Cuban Missile Crisis – US issued an ultimatum to the Soviet Union to remove their missiles from Cuba; could have led to a nuclear war; the Soviet Union removed their missiles and Kennedy’s popularity improved 3.Berlin Crisis – led to the building of the Berlin Wall, a visible sign of the Cold War 4.Peace Corps – send volunteers to other countries to help

LBJ Lyndon B. Johnson Great Society – domestic program – included ending poverty “I declare war on poverty.” The Great Society included the HEAD START program (early education – preschool) and VISTA (send volunteers to poor communities in the US to help ), and MEDICARE AND MEDICAID