T Cell Receptor-Dependent Regulation of Lipid Rafts Controls Naive CD8 + T Cell Homeostasis Immunity 32(2) 26 February 2010 Jae-Ho Cho, Hee-Ok Kim, Charles.

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T Cell Receptor-Dependent Regulation of Lipid Rafts Controls Naive CD8 + T Cell Homeostasis Immunity 32(2) 26 February 2010 Jae-Ho Cho, Hee-Ok Kim, Charles D. Surh and Jonathan Sprent Lee, Hye-Yeong

Introduction Naive T cells are kept alive through continuous T cell receptor (TCR) interaction with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules complexed with various self peptides Such TCR-MHC interaction plus contact with interleukin (IL)-7 causes low- level signaling, which promotes long-term survival of T cells in interphase through synthesis of antiapoptotic molecules such as Bcl-2 lymphopenia-induced ‘‘homeostatic’’ proliferation (LIP) reflects a rise in amounts of IL-7 and serves to replenish the T cell pool size IL-7-driven LIP in lymphopenic hosts is characteristically slow Recently, a rapid form of homeostatic proliferation has been observed following T cell transfer to mice lacking components of the IL-2 receptor (IL- 2R)

Introduction The physiological relevance of naive T cell responsiveness to IL-2 and IL-15 and why such responsiveness is MHC dependent is unknown To assess this issue, we have studied stimulation of naive T cells with cytokines in vitro and examined the role of monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1)-containing lipid rafts.

Introduction Lipid Rafts plasma membrane of cells made of a combination of glycosphingolipids and protein receptors organized in glycolipoprotein microdomains

Figure 1. Proliferation and Differentiation of Naive CD8 + T Cells Exposed to Cytokines In Vitro [ 3 H] incorporation

Figure 1. Proliferation and Differentiation of Naive CD8 + T Cells Exposed to Cytokines In Vitro [ 3 H] incorporationtrypan blue day 5 cultured with > upregulation of activation markers

IL-2-stimulated CD8+ T cells showed strong effector function in terms of both cytokine (IFN-g and TNF-a) and granzyme B synthesis This finding was surprising because the cells were not subjected to TCR ligation.

Figure 2. Response of Naive CD8 + T Cells to IL-2 Depends on TCR- Self-MHC-I Interaction > IL-2-induced proliferation of naïve CD8 T cells in vivo require TCR interaction with self-MHC-I (Cho et al., 2007) >> purified CD8 T cell 의 IL-2 에 대한 반응은 T cell 간의 interaction 에 의존적일 것이다. > 각 mouse(HY.Rag2 -/- /P14/B6) 에서 얻은 naïve CD8 T cells(CD44 lo, CD8 + ) > culture with IL-2

Figure 2. Response of Naive CD8 + T Cells to IL-2 Depends on TCR- Self-MHC-I Interaction WT/KO 따로 WT 와 KO 을 함께 Tap1 -/-  MHC-I lo

Figure 3. Levels of CD5 on Naive CD8 + T Cells Correlate with the Strength of Responsiveness to Cytokines in Vitro and In Vivo CD8 T cell responses to IL-2 in vitro required continuous TCR-MHC-I interaction T cell-deficient hosts 에서 poor homeostatic proliferation 을 보이는 TCR Tg CD8 + T cells 은 CD5 의 expression level 이 낮게 나타난다.(Kieper et al., 2004) >> IL-2 에 다르게 반응하는 normal B6 CD8 T cell 의 차이가 바로 CD5 의 level 차 이가 아닐까

Figure 3. Levels of CD5 on Naive CD8 + T Cells Correlate with the Strength of Responsiveness to Cytokines in Vitro and In Vivo >> CD3 engagement 에는 차이 없음 >> IL-2 에 대해서는 확실한 차이 보임 >> activation marker 차이 IL-2R 

Figure 3. Levels of CD5 on Naive CD8 + T Cells Correlate with the Strength of Responsiveness to Cytokines in Vitro and In Vivo CFSE-labeled B6 naïve CD5 lo (Ly5.1) and CD5 hi (Thy1.1) CD8 + T cells T cell-depleted hosts: irradated B6 or Rag1 -/- 6 days SP, LN > CFSE analysis >> T cell-depletion 상태에서 IL-7 이 proliferation 시켰을 수 있음 (in vivo) (in vitro 상태에서는 IL-7 에 반응이 적었음 (Fig1)) >> 그렇다면, CD5hi T cells 은 IL-7 에 민감하게 반응하는가 ? >>CD5hi T cell 이 IL-7 에 반응함

CD5 의 level 과 cytokine 에 대한 T cell 의 responsiveness >> CD5 hi T cells 은 IL-2 와 IL-7 에 높은 반응성 (hyperresponsiveness) 을 보인다. 반면 CD5 lo T cell 은 두 cytokine 에 반응을 적게 보인다. 그러나 TCR-CD3 ligation 에 대한 반응에는 차이가 없다. >> 이 차이는 cytokine receptor 의 수의 차이에 기인한 것일 수 있으나 CD122(IL-2R  ), CD127(IL-7R  ) 등에 차이가 적거나 거의 안 나타나는 것으로 볼 때 이 가능성은 희박하다. >> 또 다른 가설 ; IL-2 의 binding 으로 인해 IL-2R 이 lipid rafts 로 옮겨가 signal transduction 을 증 가시키는 것이다. >> lipid rafts 를 disruption 시킨다면 ?

Figure 4. GM1 Expression on T Cell Subsets and the Effects of Disrupting Lipid Rafts on the Ability of Naive CD8 + T Cells to Respond to IL-2 inhibition of proliferation cholera toxin B staining  GM1 detection CD4+CD8+CD4+CD8+

Figure 4. GM1 Expression on T Cell Subsets and the Effects of Disrupting Lipid Rafts on the Ability of Naive CD8 + T Cells to Respond to IL-2 >> GM1 level 에 따라 IL-2 에 대한 반응이 CD5 level 에 따른 반응과 유사

Figure 5. Expression of GM1 and CD5 on T Cell Subsets during Ontogeny HSA from LN naïve B6 CD4+/CD8+ T cells(Ly5.1) SP, LN analysis 1 or 3 days B6 or Tap1 -/-

T cell 의 maturation 과정에서 GM1 과 CD5 의 expression level 변화 DP 에서 SP 로 가는 과정에 CD5 는 CD4+, CD8+ 모두에서 증가하지만 GM1 은 SP CD8+ 에서만 크게 증가하는 것을 보임 CD4+ T cell 이 IL-2 에 전혀 반응하지 않는 것은 높은 CD5, 낮은 GM1 level 과 관련이 있는 것으로 보임

Figure 6. Culturing Naive CD8 + T Cells with IL-2 Induces Lipid Raft Clustering and Colocalization of GM1 with IL-2Rβ IL-2R 와 lipid rafts 의 관계 ? ** 가설 : IL-2 가 lipid rafts 로 옮겨가 signal transduction 을 일으키는 것에 차이가 있다

Fig S7 CD5 lo /CD5hi T cells 은 IL-2 에 반응하여 signaling event 에 차이를 보인다. CD5 는 GM1 이나 IL-2Rb 와의 coclustering 을 보이지 않았다.(data not shown)

Naïve CD8 T cells 이 cytokine 에 강하게 반응하는 것은 높은 GM1 expression level 과 lipid rafts, TCR-self MHC I ligand interaction 에서 오는 signal 들에 기 인하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. IL-2 에 대한 CD8+ T cell 의 hyperresponsiveness 가 갖는 의미는 무엇인가 ? CD8+ T cells 이 antigen 에 반응하기 위해서는 CD4+ T cells 로부터 IL-2 와 같 은 “help” 를 받아야 한다. strong antigen 이나 TCR-CD3 ligation 은 (in vitro) CD8+ T cells 자신이 내는 IL-2 가 충분하여 help 없이도 proliferation 할 수 있게 한다. 그러나 weak antigen 에 대해서는 CD8+ T cell 이 IL-2 를 충분히 내지 못해 exogenous IL-2 가 있어야 proliferation 할 수 있다. 따라서, weak antigen 에 대한 반응은 IL-2 에 대한 높은 반응을 보이는 cell 에 의존적이라 할 수 있다.

Figure 7. Hypersensitivity of CD8 + T Cells to IL-2 Augments Their Capacity to Respond to Foreign Antigens mimic weak Ag >> sol a-CD3 2C TCR(H-2 b ) – strong vs. weak ligand strong : endogenous (Balb/c Spl) H-2 d highly immunogenic p2Ca weak : exogenous (B6 Spl) H-2 b >> 전혀 proliferation 이 일어나지 않아 OT- II 와 함께 culture >> CD4 로부터 IL-2 나와 proliferation 가능 해짐

Figure 7. Hypersensitivity of CD8 + T Cells to IL-2 Augments Their Capacity to Respond to Foreign Antigens TCR 과 antigen 의 contact 로 인해 IL-2 에 대한 반 응이 증가하는 것은 lipid rafts 가 새로이 합성되 어 증가하는 것과 관련이 있을 것이다 Fig S8B IL-2 blockage 에 의한 proliferation 감소

The strong responsiveness of resting naïve CD8+ T cells to IL-2 was further enhanced by TCR contact with foreign antigens, thereby improving the immune response to both strong and weak antigens CD5 hi T cells give better response to strong or weak antigen than CD5 lo T cells

Conclusion & Discussion After positive selection in the thymus, continuous contact of naive CD8+ T cells with self-MHC-I ligands in the periphery induces covert TCR signals that promote sensitivity to several gc cytokines, including IL-7 and IL-2. Responsiveness to cytokines is most prominent for CD5 hi T cells, i.e., cells with strong self reactivity, and correlates with high expression of GM1, implicating a role for lipid rafts. Sensitivity of naive CD8+ T cells to IL-2 becomes vital during the immune response. Thus, contact of CD8+ T cells with foreign antigen induces a further increase in cytokine sensitivity, thereby boosting the capacity of CD8+ T cells to receive help (IL-2) from CD4+ T cells.

Further Study TCR signal 을 mimic 하여 T cell 을 activation 시켰을 때 –CD99 와 GM1 의 양이 증가하는가 FACS staining – 이때 CD99 와 GM1 은 colocalization 을 보이는가 confocal micorscopy – 이것은 T cell 의 migration 에 어떤 영향을 미치는가 migration assay