1 Introduction to Zoology

2 Zoology Scientific study of the diversity of animal life

3 Why Study Zoology?

4 Understand the natural world

5 Learn to protect the environment

6 Develop skills for learning

7 Myths To Explain Biological Processes Disease caused by evil spirits Brain produces snot Blood determines heredity Heart is for emotions

How Does Science Separate Myths from Reality? Scientific Method

9 Observation Hypothesis –Prediction Test Hypothesis –Experiment –Further Observations Conclusion

10 Edward Jenner Smallpox Scientific method

11 Observation Smallpox is deadly

12 Observation Survivors are immune

13 Observation Milkmaids do not get smallpox

14 Observation Milkmaids get cowpox from cows

Hypothesis Cowpox Makes You Immune to Smallpox

16 Prediction If you are exposed to cowpox, you will be immune to smallpox

17 Experiment

18 Results Boy did not get smallpox

19 Conclusion Hypothesis supported

20 Robert Koch Identified the bacterium that causes anthrax Identified the bacterium that causes tuberculosis

21 Louis Pasteur Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax Demonstrated the existence of germs Invented Pasteurization

22 A New Scientific Theory Explains the Observations of Many Scientists Edward Jenner –Smallpox Louis Pasteur –Rabies and anthrax Robert Koch –Tuberculosis and anthrax

23 Germ Theory of Disease Germs cause disease Predictions of the Germ Theory –Many diseases are caused by germs Diptheria Whooping cough Measles Plague Modern medicine uses the Germ Theory to guide research

24 Ramifications of Germ Theory Previous concepts about the cause of many diseases incorrect –Evil spirits –Bad thoughts –Excess blood

25 Theory vrs Scientific Theory Theory (as used outside of science) –Guess –Speculation –Has not been tested

26 Scientific Theory Principle Tested many times Explains many different phenomena Makes predictions Falsifiable

27 Falsify Germ Theory Smallpox occurs without the smallpox virus Tuberculosis occurs without the TB bacterium Discovery of a different type of cause for infectious diseases –Cell phones –Computer screens –Lack of exercise

28 Jeff’s Lost Dog Jeff’s beloved dog is missing (observation) Jeff thinks the dog has run away (hypothesis) What can falsify his hypothesis? Jeff finds his dog asleep in the house I love my dog

29 Testing Hypotheses Observation –Jeff found his dog asleep in the house –Scientists find the same bacterium in the bodies of people who die of the plague Experiment –Jenner vaccinates boy with cowpox and later infects him with smallpox. The boy does not get smallpox.

Sick People Experimental group 50 People Medicine X Control group 50 People Placebo

31 Three Days Later Experimental group 34 Better Medicine X Control group 33 Better Placebo

32 Three Days Later Experimental group 34 Better Medicine X Control group 5 Better Placebo

33 Why does this frog have extra legs? Website

34 Law vrs Theory Law –Observation that has been repeated numerous times –Law of gravity –Does not explain the observation Theory –Explains why or how something in nature happens

35 Which is most important to a scientist? Fact Hypothesis Law Theory

36 Theory is the most important Theory –Explains laws, hypotheses and facts Law –States what happens Hypothesis –Untested theory Fact –Observation

37 Major Scientific Theories Germ Theory of Disease –Germs cause infectious disease Atomic Theory –Matter is made if tiny atoms Gene Theory (Chromosomal Theory) –Genes on chromosomes determine heredity Cell Theory –All living things are made of cells

38 Theory of Evolution Populations of organisms change over time Changes result in new species that share a common ancestor.

39 Evolution is both a fact and a theory Fact –Evolution is documented in the fossil record and has been observed in our lifetime. Theory –How evolution happens

40 Theory of Evolution Scientists no longer ask if evolution occurs. They study how evolution occurs. Evolution is the major theory that guides research in Zoology

41 Science A body of knowledge gained from studying the natural world It is tested against the natural world –Does not use supernatural explanations Its conclusions are not absolute. –New discoveries can revise previous conclusions It is falsifiable

42 The End