Uncle Tom’s Cabin -Harriet Beecher Stowe - well-known novelist -depicted evil side of slavery to the public “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” – touched both northern and southern readers “Simon Legree” -1852, sold over a million copies

Kansas-Nebraska Act popular sovereignty passed as law in 1850 compromise to determine slavery – conflicted with Missouri Compromise - supported by Stephen Douglas - Became law in rush to populate state with “voters” for each side - John Brown - abolitionist -”bleeding Kansas” slavery and abolitionist forces resort to violence -A fight in the U.S. Senate Preston Brooks v.Charles Sumner - Brooks beat Sumner with cane - Brooks celebrated by Southerners

Dred Scott v. Sanford -Scott is a slave -he is taken into free states; lived with master in IL and WI for 4 years -sues for freedom based on NW Ordinance and Missouri Compromise - claimed living in North made him a free person -Supreme Court (majority of southern justices) rules: Blacks are not citizens Can’t ban slavery Missouri Comp. is illegal – making extension of slavery possible - Southerners cheered decision

Development of Republican Party -Slavery had come to dominate the differences in the parties -by 1850 the differences had peaked so that anti-slavery Whigs, Democrats, and Free-Soilers formed a new anti-slavery party - One of founders: Horace Greeley -official party policy was to oppose the growth of slavery where it did not exist. - otherwise, party very divided -Main competition: Know Nothing Party – targeted same voters

Major Political Parties PartyEstablishedMajor Platform Free-Soil1848-anti-expansion of slavery -Pro-labor Know-Nothing1854 (as American Party) -anti-immigration -Anti-Catholic - Divided over slavery WhigOrganized pro-business -Divided on slavery Republican1854-opposed expansion of slavery to territories Democratic1840 (from Democratic Republicans) -states’ rights -Limited gov’t -Divided on slavery

1856 election: –Republican candidate: John C. Fremont –Democrats nominate James Buchanan – northerner w/ connections to South –Buchanan wins! – was only truly national candidate Meanings of the 1856 election: –Democrats could win the presidency w/ a national candidate that didn’t alienate North or South –Know-Nothing Party in decline –Republicans a political force in North

Lincoln-Douglas Debates - Senate race in 1858 – for IL Stephen Douglas (Dem) – well known, successful Abraham Lincoln (Rep.) – unknown! -debate over slavery issues neither man wanted slavery in the area, but how to do it? - Douglas: proponent of popular sovereignty - figured slavery would die on its own - Lincoln: advocated prohibiting slavery in territories

Lincoln-Douglas Debates -Douglas issues Freeport Doctrine (during 2 nd debate) Slavery needs certain laws in order to exist. Don’t pass those laws and there will be no slavery - if the people don’t want slavery – vote for people willing to not enforce slave property laws - Douglas wins the election - Lincoln gains national fame!

John Brown’s Raid -John Brown was an extreme abolitionist - had studied past slave uprisings -captured Harper’s Ferry military installation in VA to arm slaves -surrounded and forced to surrender -Brown found guilty of high treason and hanged--becomes a martyr for many abolitionists -Many Southerners thought Brown represented northerners who wanted to control the southern lifestyle and economy - had terrified the South - Northerners expressed admiration for him and his cause

Southern Secession election -slavery divided the parties -Lincoln (Rep.) pledges to stop spread of slavery but not to interfere with the south - Democrats are divided! – split over slavery -Douglas got support of Northern Democrats -John Breckinridge got southern Democrats -John Bell nominated by Constitutional Union Party – ignored issue of slavery

Lincoln’s Election -Lincoln wins election with no southern electoral votes -Southern states secede in fear of gov’t where they have no voice -S.C. first to secede, 6 others follow (MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX) Confederate States of America formed Feb 4, 1861 (before Lincoln takes office) - new constitution stressed each state was sovereign and independent -Jefferson Davis elected Confederate President

Essential Questions 4. To what extent was slavery the primary cause of the Civil War? Explain. 5. What were the immediate causes of the Civil War and how did they further contribute to division?

Review Questions 1.Which event convinced many Southerners that they had lost their voice in the national government? a.The Dred Scott decision b.The issuance of the Freeport Doctrine c.John Brown’s raid at Harpers’ Ferry d.Lincoln’s election as president

2. Which of the following was the LEAST divisive issue in the election of 1856? a.The candidacy of James Buchanan b.The Kansas-Nebraska Act c.The expansion of slavery d.The rise of the Republican Party

3. Why did Kansas become a center of controversy over the issue of slavery? a.Because it extended the power of the Missouri Compromise b.Because the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened the territory to slavery and popular sovereignty c.The Know-Nothing Party disagreed with opening the territory to slavery d.All of the above

4. Why did most Free-Soilers object to slavery? a.They believed slavery was morally wrong b.They believed the South should be forced to industrialize c.They believed that white workers could not get jobs in competition w/ slaves d.The party actually had no opinion on slavery

5. What was the significance of the Dred Scott decision? a.It declared slaves were property b.It effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise c.It stated that because Scott was a slave, he had no rights in court d.All of the above

6. What was the significance of the election of 1858 for Abraham Lincoln? a.He won the election b.His debates against his opponent, Stephen Douglas, afforded him national attention c.Stephen Douglas became president d.Lincoln learned nothing about running for office in the national spotlight

7. “So you’re the little lady that started this big war,” stated by Lincoln, most likely refers to whom? a.Harriet Tubman b.Harriet Beecher Stowe c.Elizabeth Cady Stanton d.Sojourner Truth

Activity: Political Posters! The Republican Party formed in the 1850s, in response to the growing debate over slavery. Create at political poster advertising this new political party, it’s basic beliefs, and one of its best-known early members – Abraham Lincoln. Be creative, colorful, and inform the public about the Republican Party!