＊Achievement and contribution in science and technology perspective INDIAN CIVILIZATION ＊Achievement and contribution in science and technology perspective

India is one of the leading nations in the world in terms of science and technology. India has the second largest pool of scientists and engineers in the world. In terms of technological advancements and scientific achievements India is second to none. Here are some interesting facts about science and technology in India which divide into mathematical fields,medical fields chemistry fields,astronomy fields and space fields.

IN MATHEMATICS Mathematics was an important field of knowledge and the ancient Indians made valuable contribution to it. Mathematicians like Aryabhata and Bhaskara I, Brahmagupta developed mast of the mathematical formal that we know today.

Ancient mathematical works such as the Sulva-Sutras utilized geometry for designing and constructing altars that most of the architect nowadays used to skecth their drawing.

IN MEDICAL Medicine was another field of research in India Study about symptoms and causes of diseases were evolving widely in India. Herbs, fruits, flowers and minerals were studied and experimented upon to evolve medical cures.

Surgical instruments that are developed by the early surgeon in India are such as: - scalpels -syringes - forceps Surgical knowledge about medical in India spread to Arabs, Greeks and Egyptians due to the medical research in India is evolving widely.

IN CHEMISTRY Indians contribute the used in the technological processes of dyeing, production of paper, sugar, perfume. Indian technical skills were perfected in iron metallurgy and steel, copper, bronze work, ceramic and cosmetics.

It was war that led to the development of Industrial technology in Indian until cannons and guns of considerable mechanical sophistication began to be made.

IN ASTRONOMY Astronomy, essentially related to religion was another field of inquiry which achieved remarkable heights in the ancient times. Aryabhata propounded that, the earth rotated about its own axis with fair accuracy.

After that, instruments such as quadrants and armilary spares came to be used in astronomical research.

IN SPACE The Indian Space Research Organisation under is responsible for research, development and operationalisation of space systems in : -the areas of satellite communications -remote sensing for resource survey -environmental monitoring -meteorological services

- the areas of space science Indian Space Research Organisation is also the nodal agency for the Physical Research Laboratory, which conducts research in: - the areas of space science - deploys modern remote-sensing techniques India is the only Third World Country to develop its own remote-sensing satellite. 

INDIAN CIVILISATION 4.2 INDIAN NOWADAYS

INDIAN CULTURE Sexual Expression & Display of Affection Indian Films Indian Marriage

Sexual expression & Display of affection Conservation for many Indian past generation Taboo for holding hand (men and women) Culturally accept in western countries long time ago More independent Accepted western cultures

Indian Films Mumbai –production of the famous Indian Bollywood movies Bollywood Films - the body language (dancing scenes displayed) Dancing (provocative) and the clothing (racier) the outfits (U.S. show Dancing with the Stars)

Indian Marriage Find a marriage partner (traditionally) Promise Have more freedom of choice Choose who they will marry

INDIA NOWADAYS (EDUCATION)

Gurukula System went to a teacher's (Guru) house and requested to be taught. stay at the guru's place and help in all activities at home. learn from Sanskrit to the holy scriptures and from Mathematics to Metaphysics.

Modern school system “modern” subjects such as science and mathematics metaphysics and philosophy were considered unnecessary Teaching was confined to classrooms and the link with nature was broken

School system’ lower primary (6 to 10) levels upper primary (11 and 12) high secondary (13 to 15) higher secondary (17 and 18)

Exclusive schools very expensive residential schools have fabulous infrastructure low student-teacher ratio and very few students

State schools runs its own school system with its own textbooks and evaluation system generally known as government schools The fees are quite low

INDIAN CIVILISATION 4.3 INDIAN IN MALAYSIA

CONTRIBUTION TO NATION BUILDING Indians have contributed significantly to the building of Malaysia since the 19th century. Clearing of land for infrastructure, established rubber plantations, built the roads and etc. Indian doctors, chemists and veterinarians formed the bulk of medical personnel in Malaysia Indian civil servants formed the core of the civil service both pre- and post-independence

CUISINE The contribution of the Indian community to Malaysian cuisine is enormous Indian restaurants are well received by Malaysian Chinese and Malaysian Malays.  Mamak restaurants and stalls refer to eateries owned and staffed by Indian Muslims. The word 'Mamak' is sometimes erroneously used to describe any Indian restaurant. Example of Indian cuisine:- Pasembor (Indian Rojak) Mutton Curry Nasi Kandar

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