What You Need Notebook Black or Blue Pen Highlighter *A “strong” Wrist!!!!!!! PASS FORWARD 1.Key Issue 1 2.Hearth Map 3.Subsistence/Commercial Map 4.% of labor force Map MAKE SURE YOUR NAME & PERIOD ARE ON ALL PAPERS

Chapter 10 Agriculture Key Issue 2 Where Are Agricultural Regions in LDCs?

Shifting Cultivation 1.Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris (referred to as SLASH-AND-BURN AGRICULTURE). 2.Farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years until soil nutrients are depleted and then they leave it fallow (nothing planted) for many years so the soil can recover. People who practice shifting cultivation live in small villages and grow food on the surrounding land, which villages control.

The Process of Shifting Cultivation The two hallmarks of the technique can be found on pg Swidden – the area that is cleared prior to planting crops. A.Can only be used for 3 years of less. 2. Potash – the debris that is left after areas are burned (high in potassium). It is a type of fertilizer. 3. Southeast Asia – rice, South America – maize & manioc, Africa – millet & sorghum. Some regions grow yam, sugarcane, plantain, and other vegetables.

Southeast Asia - Rice

South America – Maize & Manioc Maize (corn)Manioc (cassava)

Africa – Millet & Sorghum MilletSorghum

Case Study: Protecting Farmland Page 316 How does GIS (Geographic Information Systems) help determine if farm land is threatened and needs protection? Include 5 details.

Shifting Cultivation A.Traditionally, land is owned by the village (as a whole) instead of by individual families. B.Chiefs or ruling councils would give land to the individual families to use. C.Now, private individuals own land in some communities (Latin America) D.SC occupies approx. ¼ of the world’s land area. E.Less than 5 percent of the world’s people engage in SC.

Future of SC SC is being replaced by: 1.Logging 2.Cattle Ranching 3.Cultivation of Cash Crops

Future of SC PROS The most environmentally sound approach for the “tropics” (land wise) Eliminating SC could upset the traditional local diversity of cultures (social, religious, political, folk customs). CONS Can only support small populations without causing environmental damage. Only a preliminary step in economic development. Large scale burning can contribute to Global Warming

DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON

Pastoral Nomadism - A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals. A.Adapted to dry climates, where planting crops is impossible. B.Primarily located in Central and Southwest Asia and North Africa. C.Only about 15 million people are PNs.

Pastoral Nomadism Characteristics of PN: A.Depend on animals rather than crops. B.Consume mostly grains instead of meat. C.Size of herd = power and prestige. D.Obtain grains by trading animals to other subsistence farmers. 1.Hire farmers to plant crops for them. 2.Plant crops themselves and come back later during the years to harvest. 3.Women and children stay while men herd.

Pastoral Nomadism Choice of Animals: A.The type and number of animals for the herd is selected according to local cultural and physical characteristics. B.The relative prestige of the animal C.Ability of the species to adapt to a particular climate and vegetation.  Camels – arid climates, need less water, carry heavy baggage, most quickly.  Goats – need more water, but are tough and not picky eaters.  Sheep – move slow & affected by climate change, need more water, picky eaters.

Pastoral Nomadism Future of PN: Some practice transhumance, which is seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas. Many gov’ts in Southwest Asia countries have been trying to resettle nomads. Nomads have not been cooperative. Gov’ts want to settle nomads on collectives so that they can use the land for other things.

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Intensive Subsistence Agriculture = intensive means, the farmers have to do a lot of work to survive on a parcel of land. This is practiced primarily in East, South, and Southeast Asia. Wet Rice – the practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth. Sawah – a flooded field. Paddy – What Europeans and North Americans mistakenly call flooded fields (Malay word for wet rice). Double cropping is possible in places that have warm winters, such as South China and Taiwan, but rarely in India which has dry winters.

Intensive Subsistence with Wet Rice Not Dominant Found where climate prevents farmers from growing wet rice. Interior India & northeast China: 1.Wheat 2.Barley 3.Millet, oats, corn, sorghum, and soybean. *Practice crop rotation each year to avoid exhausting the soil.

Plantation Farming Plantation – a large farm that specializes in one or two crops. 1.Found in the tropics and sub-tropics, especially in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. 2.Usually situated on sparsely settled locations. 3.Although generally in LDCs they are owned & operated by Europeans or North Americans, goods sold in MDCs. 4.Workers are imported from other locations around the world.

Plantation Farming 5. Types of crops: CottonSecondary SugarcaneCocoa CoffeeJute Rubberbananas TobaccoTea Coconuts Palm oil