Fascism Rises in Europe

Objectives: 1.Summarize Fascist beliefs and policies 2.Describe Mussolini’s rise to power 3.Explain how Hitler and the Nazi’s gained control of Germany 4.Describe the shift from democratic governments to dictatorships in eastern Europe 5.Describe Fascist aggression in Asia, Africa and Europe 6.Summarize why British and French appeasement and American isolationism failed to stop Fascist aggression 7.Explain why the Soviet Union and Germany signed a peace pact

Fascism Militant political movement emphasizing loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader Promised to revive economy, punish those responsible for hard times and restore national pride

Benito Mussolini Promised to revive Italian economy and rebuild military Founded Fascist Party in 1919 – popularity increases as conditions worsen Italy disappointed with territorial gains from WWI Inflation and unemployment = social unrest Fear Communist revolution – win support of upper and middle class Oct 1922: 30,000 Fascists march to Rome demanding King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge, Mussolini’s takes power legally Mussolini = Il Dulce “the leader” abolished democracy & political parties except Fascism, secret police, censorship, outlaws strikes

Open Your Books… Read History Makers on page 808. Why did Hitler believe making speeches was so important?

Adolf Hitler Joined the National Socialist German Workers Party = Nazi / Nazism (type of fascism) – Overturn Treaty of Versailles – Combat communism – Swastika = symbol – Militia called storm troopers or Brownshirts – Middle and lower class – Der Fuhrer – leader of Nazi party

Swastika “well being” in Sanskrit Ancient good luck symbol Forms used by Hindu’s, Buddhists, early Christians and Native Americans

Overthrow Attempt # 1 Hitler and Nazi’s try to take power in Munich like Mussolini in Rome, failed and arrested Treason = 5 yr sentence, served less than 9 months Wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) – Beliefs and goals for Germany – “Aryan” Germans = master race (Blond, Blue eyes esp.) – “non-aryan” Jews, Slavs and Gypsies = subhuman – Treaty of Versailles = outrage – Vowed to regain lands taken – Germany overcrowded and needed more lebensraum (living space) by conquering Russia and eastern Europe

Hitler Takes Power 1924 released, revives Nazi Party, mostly ignored Depression hits, 30% unemployed Hitler is named Chancellor in 1933 Called for elections - win Germany becomes totalitarian state SS (Schutzstaffel = protection squad) or Gestapo created loyal only to Hitler, killed enemies Opponents arrested, political parties banned, ban strikes, unemployment drops, censorship, propaganda, books burned Hitler Youth and League of German Girls Social Darwinism

Hitler Makes War on the Jews Anti – Semitism = hatred of Jews Less than 1% population Scapegoats for problems 1933 laws depriving Jews of rights November 9, 1938 Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) – Nazi’s attacked Jewish people and buildings

Question??? Why did Germans support Hitler at first?

Trouble in Japan 1930: Great Depression government blamed Military leaders gain control – traditional government, Emperor = symbol of state power Emperor Hirohito Wanted foreign expansion – Pacific Empire Raw materials and markets and space for population Japan invades Manchuria and China – against League of Nations, take over easily

Mussolini in Africa Mussolini wanted colonial empire in Africa Ethiopia was one of four independent nations Avenge defeat from 1890’s Invaded Ethiopia Appeal to league of Nations for help Britain and France allow take over to keep the peace

The Axis Powers 1935 Germany rebuilds military “Today Germany, Tomorrow the World” League of Nations doesn’t stop Germany Germany invades Rhineland – buffer between Germany and France British urged appeasement – giving in to aggressor to keep the peace Hitler later admits would have backed down if challenged Germany, Italy and Japan make agreements and become the Axis powers

Unrest in Spain General Francisco Franco and army leaders begin and civil war in Spain Hitler and Mussolini sent troops, tanks and airplanes to help Franco’s Nationalists Only Soviet Union helps Spanish Republicans 1939 Franco becomes Spain’s Fascist dictator

Open You Books to Page 812 Look at the timeline at the bottom of the page. Who committed the first act of aggression and when?

Trying to Keep the Peace U.S. = Isolationism – belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided Neutrality Acts – ban loans and sale of arms to nations at war Third Reich = German Empire – Wanted to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia, then Poland and Russia – Treaty of Versailles prohibits Anschluss (union between Austria and Germany)

Germany on the Move Munich Conference : Mussolini calls meeting w/ Germany, France, Britain, and Italy. Austria, Sudetenland, and Czech. are taken over by Hitler, France and Britain allow Mussolini takes Albania Hitler demands Poland return port of Danzig, refuse, Britain and France will guarantee Polish independence Britain and France bargain with Russia against Germany – negotiations are slow August 23, 1939: Hitler and Stalin sign nonaggression pact – will not attack each other