The Reformation

What made Protestants different from Catholics? What made Protestants different from Catholics? What were some of the differences among Protestants? What were some of the differences among Protestants? Do we still see aftereffects of the Reformation today? Do we still see aftereffects of the Reformation today?

Late Medieval Religion The Late Medieval Church The Late Medieval Church Reputation for Corruption Reputation for Corruption “Worldly” popes and clergy “Worldly” popes and clergy “Ignorance” “Ignorance” Yet thriving! Yet thriving!

Late Medieval Religion Spirituality Spirituality Sufferings of Christ Eucharist Purgatory Cult of Saints Pilgrimage

Late Medieval Religion Salvation and Authority* Salvation and Authority* Salvation something to “achieve” through “good works” Salvation something to “achieve” through “good works” Authority Authority Sacred Scripture Sacred Scripture Tradition of the Church Tradition of the Church Popes and councils Popes and councils

Late Medieval Religion Indulgences Indulgences Began as monetary gifts Began as monetary gifts Became means of relaxing penance Became means of relaxing penance “Treasury of Merits” “Treasury of Merits” Indulgence preaching

Late Medieval Religion Construction of St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome Construction of St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome Indulgence sales  rebuilding process Indulgence sales  rebuilding process

Late Medieval Religion Questions? Questions?

The Lutheran Reformation Martin Luther ( ) Martin Luther ( ) From Saxony, HRE From Saxony, HRE Law student Law student “Lightning storm”  vowed to become monk “Lightning storm”  vowed to become monk Joined Augustinian Order (1505) Joined Augustinian Order (1505)

The Lutheran Reformation Luther the Monk Luther the Monk Tortured soul Tortured soul Ascetic Ascetic Terrified of God’s judgment Terrified of God’s judgment To Wittenberg, Saxony To Wittenberg, Saxony Earned doctorate in theology (1512) Earned doctorate in theology (1512) Popular professor Popular professor Studied New Testament in depth Studied New Testament in depth

The Lutheran Reformation Luther’s New Beliefs Luther’s New Beliefs God is righteous, but gracious God is righteous, but gracious Humanity does not deserve grace, but is “given” it Humanity does not deserve grace, but is “given” it “The righteous man shall live by faith” (Romans 1:17) “The righteous man shall live by faith” (Romans 1:17)

The Lutheran Reformation The Indulgence Controversy The Indulgence Controversy Heard about indulgence sales in HRE Heard about indulgence sales in HRE Penned NINETY-FIVE THESES Penned NINETY-FIVE THESES Attacked “abuses” in indulgence sales Attacked “abuses” in indulgence sales Nailed to Castle Church door? Nailed to Castle Church door? Very popular, controversial Very popular, controversial

The Lutheran Reformation Rome’s Response Rome’s Response Pope Leo X (r ) Pope Leo X (r ) Hedonistic Hedonistic Recognized monetary ramifications Recognized monetary ramifications Hearing at Augsburg (October 1518) Hearing at Augsburg (October 1518) Papal legate demanded Luther’s submission Papal legate demanded Luther’s submission Luther refused Luther refused Raphael, Pope Leo X with Cardinals (1518)

The Lutheran Reformation Luther the Rebel Luther the Rebel Papal bull drafted (1520): either recant or be excommunicated! Papal bull drafted (1520): either recant or be excommunicated! Luther’s revolutionary ideas Luther’s revolutionary ideas SOLA SCRIPTURA (“Scripture alone”) SOLA SCRIPTURA (“Scripture alone”) SOLA FIDE (“by faith alone”) SOLA FIDE (“by faith alone”) “PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS” “PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS” Two sacraments Two sacraments

The Lutheran Reformation The Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521) The Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521) Church and emperor wanted resolution! Church and emperor wanted resolution! Luther given safe conduct Luther given safe conduct Refused to recant: “Unless I am convinced by Scripture…” Refused to recant: “Unless I am convinced by Scripture…” Luther declared an outlaw (May 26, 1521) Luther declared an outlaw (May 26, 1521)

The Lutheran Reformation

Questions? Questions?

The Reformed Tradition Origins of the Reformed Tradition Origins of the Reformed Tradition In the Swiss Confederation and Geneva In the Swiss Confederation and Geneva Made up of “cantons” Made up of “cantons” German and French German and French Took Reformation further than Lutherans Took Reformation further than Lutherans

The Reformed Tradition John Calvin (1509–1564) John Calvin (1509–1564) French French Humanist, student of law Humanist, student of law Converted to Protestantism (early 1530s) Converted to Protestantism (early 1530s) Fled France (1534) Fled France (1534) Ended up in Swiss Confederation, finally in Geneva (1536) Ended up in Swiss Confederation, finally in Geneva (1536)

The Reformed Tradition Calvin’s Teachings Calvin’s Teachings INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION (1559) INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION (1559) Major Teachings Major Teachings Majesty of God Majesty of God Depravity of humanity Depravity of humanity Centrality of faith and the Word Centrality of faith and the Word Predestination Predestination

The Reformed Tradition Geneva under Calvin Geneva under Calvin Had to work with city government Had to work with city government Service of preaching, prayer, singing Service of preaching, prayer, singing Discipline was strictly enforced Discipline was strictly enforced Relief was provided to poor Relief was provided to poor

The Reformed Tradition

Questions? Questions?

The Anabaptists Rise of the Anabaptists “Go to Scripture!”  different interpretations! Some Protestants began to question infant baptism “BELIEVER’S BAPTISM” Baptism should take place at age of accountability First adult baptism in 1525

The Anabaptists Radical Anabaptist Beliefs Radical Anabaptist Beliefs “Believer’s baptism” “Believer’s baptism” Hands off for state! Hands off for state! Church is “voluntary” community of believers Church is “voluntary” community of believers Church is not “arm of state” Church is not “arm of state” Pacifism Pacifism No oaths No oaths

The Anabaptists Anabaptist Martyrs Anabaptist Martyrs Despised by Protestants and Catholics alike Despised by Protestants and Catholics alike Punishments: arrest, torture, execution Punishments: arrest, torture, execution Examples: Michael and Margaretha Sattler (d. 1527) Examples: Michael and Margaretha Sattler (d. 1527) Refused to recant beliefs Refused to recant beliefs Michael’s body torn by red-hot tongs, burned at stake Michael’s body torn by red-hot tongs, burned at stake Margaretha was drowned Margaretha was drowned

The Anabaptists

The Spread of Anabaptism The Spread of Anabaptism Hobbled along despite persecution Hobbled along despite persecution Scattered communities  eastern Europe Scattered communities  eastern Europe Anabaptist survive today Anabaptist survive today

The Anabaptists Questions? Questions?

The English Reformation Henry VIII (r ) Henry VIII (r ) Renaissance prince Loyal Catholic Married Catherine of Aragon (1509) Catherine’s pregnancies One daughter, Mary (b. 1516) The rest died No male heir!

The English Reformation The “King’s Great Matter” The “King’s Great Matter” Henry wanted a divorce (1527) Henry wanted a divorce (1527) Catherine wanted to remain married Catherine wanted to remain married Pope would not grant annulment Pope would not grant annulment Henry met Anne Boleyn  problems escalated Henry met Anne Boleyn  problems escalated

The English Reformation A Legal Reformation A Legal Reformation Parliament was on board Parliament was on board English ties to Rome severed in 1533 English ties to Rome severed in 1533 The Divorce and Marriage The Divorce and Marriage Marriage to Catherine dissolved Marriage to Catherine dissolved Henry and Anne married (June 1533) Henry and Anne married (June 1533) Act of Succession (1534) Act of Succession (1534) ACT OF SUPREMACY (1534)  Henry now “Supreme Head of the Church of England” ACT OF SUPREMACY (1534)  Henry now “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

The English Reformation Resistance to Reform Resistance to Reform Thomas More refused to acknowledge Act of Succession  executed (1535) Thomas More refused to acknowledge Act of Succession  executed (1535) Uprising in the north (1536) Uprising in the north (1536) Overall not much public protest Overall not much public protest

The English Reformation Legacy of Henry VIII Legacy of Henry VIII Six wives! Six wives! Remained Catholic theologically Remained Catholic theologically Never reverted kingdom back to Rome Never reverted kingdom back to Rome Succession (1543) Succession (1543) Edward Edward Mary Mary Elizabeth Elizabeth

The English Reformation Elizabeth I (r ) Elizabeth I (r ) Succeeded to English throne after Edward VI, Mary I Sympathetic to Protestantism Recognized religious question had to be dealt with! Best method: compromise

The English Reformation The Elizabethan Religious Settlement The Elizabethan Religious Settlement New Act of Supremacy (1559) Centrist Protestant church Protestant doctrine Traditional in celebration, organization Book of Common Prayer

The English Reformation Questions? Questions?

Early Modern Catholicism The Response of the Roman Church The Response of the Roman Church Protestant Reformation  major loss Protestant Reformation  major loss What next? What next? Church must reform itself Church must reform itself Church must respond to Protestant “heretics” Church must respond to Protestant “heretics”

Early Modern Catholicism The Capuchins (1528) Reformed branch of Franciscan Order Dedicated to absolute poverty Served as preachers, missionaries, chaplains St. Francis of Assisi

Early Modern Catholicism

( ) Ignatius of Loyola ( ) Basque soldier Basque soldier Wounded  turned to Catholic spirituality Wounded  turned to Catholic spirituality Felt he was to become another Francis or Dominic Felt he was to become another Francis or Dominic Spiritual Exercises Spiritual Exercises Gathered disciples Gathered disciples

Early Modern Catholicism The Society of Jesus (1540) Offered services to papacy Obedience! Very important missionaries, educators Francis Xavier among Indians

Early Modern Catholicism

Papal Leadership in Reform Papal Leadership in Reform Some holy popes! Created Roman Inquisition (1542) INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS (1559) Pius V (r ) venerating a crucifix

Early Modern Catholicism Council of Trent ( ) Council of Trent ( ) Reform decrees: reformed clergy, diocesan seminaries Reform decrees: reformed clergy, diocesan seminaries Doctrine Doctrine SCRIPTURE AND TRADITION SCRIPTURE AND TRADITION Seven sacraments, transubstantiation Seven sacraments, transubstantiation Justification BY FAITH AND WORKS Justification BY FAITH AND WORKS Bishops expected to implement in dioceses Bishops expected to implement in dioceses

Early Modern Catholicism Aftermath of Trent Aftermath of Trent Reconciliation with Protestants became impossible Reconciliation with Protestants became impossible Long-lasting effects, until Vatican II ( ) Long-lasting effects, until Vatican II ( ) Reform and revival  new era of glory for Catholicism Reform and revival  new era of glory for Catholicism

Early Modern Catholicism St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City Consecrated 1626 Bernini, St. Peter’s Square ( )

Early Modern Catholicism Questions? Questions?

The Reformation

What made Protestants different from Catholics? What made Protestants different from Catholics? What were some of the differences among Protestants? What were some of the differences among Protestants? Do we still see aftereffects of the Reformation today? Do we still see aftereffects of the Reformation today?