Ch

Organization of the human body CellsTissuesOrgansOrgan systems

Types of Tissues:  Epithelial: linings of organs and skin  Connective: Connect and maintain stability between other tissues  Muscle: Tissues for movement Muscles contract. Muscle tissue pulls on bones. 2 muscles work together to make movements.  Nervous: Sensors and control

Cavities of the body  What organs are in Cranial Cavity? ○ Brain Thoracic Cavity? ○ Lungs ○ Heart Abdominal Cavity? ○ Stomach ○ Liver ○ Intestines

Bones and the skeleton IR p 550  Axial Skeleton Skull Rib cage Pelvis  Appendicular skeleton Arms Legs

Bone and how they are connected  Bones meet at junctions called joints and are held in place by ligaments.  In order for them to move the body needs skeletal muscle which pulls on bones using tendons.  Cushioning bones and providing structure are areas of cartilage.

Bones vs Cartilage BONECartilage  Structured  Rigid  Made of osteocytes (bone cell)  Flexible  Cushion  Found between bones, ears, nose

Bones  A: Yellow Bone Marrow Blood cell production  B: Periosteum Outer layer of bone  C: Blood Vessels Carry nutrients to bone cells  D: Spongy Bone Lightweight interior support

Heart Structures A: Left Ventricle B: Left atrium C: Pulmonary Artery D: Aorta E: Superior Vena Cava F: Right Atrium G: Right Ventricle H: Inferior Vena Cava IR pg 500

Pulmonary and Systemic: Circulation  Pulmonary circulation is the blood movement between the heart and lungs  Systemic circulation is the blood movement between the body and heart  Trace the path of blood starting at the right atrium

Worksheet Pg Right ventricle 2. Skip 3. Pulmonary arteries 4. Lungs 5. Right & Left pulmonary veins 6. Left atrium 7. Bicuspid 8. Left ventricle 9. skip 10. Aorta 11. Capillary beds 12. Superior vena cava 13. Inferior vena cava

Blood Vessels VesselStructureFunctionSpecial Features ArteryStrong and flexible Carry blood away from heart Pressurized (if cut blood would squirt out) VeinThin with valvesCarry blood toward heart Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards CapillaryOne cell thickAllow for exchange of materials Create a network of vessels with all tissues

Blood Pressure and Heartbeat  Blood pressure: force blood exerts on the artery walls  Systolic pressure Left ventricle contracts Top number  Diastolic pressure Left ventricle relaxes Bottom number  Normal: 120/70

Blood PlasmaLiquid portion of blood; carries molecules, water, amino acids, proteins Red Blood Cells Concave shape, carry oxygen through protein hemoglobin White Blood Cells Fight infection, multiple types; destroy pathogens by surrounding then ingesting PlateletsBlood clotting; create a web using protein at cut sight blood cells get caught in web and create cut sight

Respiratory system  Lungs  Alveoli: sight of gas exchange  Diaphragm muscle underneath lungs that is responsible for breathing  Bronchioles tubes that connect mouth and nose to alveoli

Digestive System  Nutrients provide the body with the energy and materials it needs for: Growth Repair  Brain and red blood cells receive most of their energy directly from glucose which comes from carbohydrates.

Digestive System OrgansFunctions 1. Liver: filter out toxins & make bile 2. Gall bladder: stores bile 3. Large Intestine: filters and reabsorbs water and salts 4. Small Intestine: absorption of nutrients 1. Contain microvilli for better absorption see IR pg MAIN site of nutrient absortion and breakdown 5. Stomach: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food; highly acidic

Enzyme action in Digestion EnzymeLocationDigestNotes amylaseMouth Breakdown carbohydrates Chemical breakdown/ mouth provides mechanical breakdown Pepsin/HClStomach Breakdown proteins HIGHLY acidic. Stomach has specialized lining to protect against acid Lipase Small intestine Breakdown of fats Bile Made in liver; used in small intestine Breakdown of fats Stored in gall bladder

Microvilli in small intestine  IR page 542; allow for greater absorption of minerals and nutrients  More villi = more nutrients entering blood stream

Excretory system  Function: remove wastes from the body  Basic unit of the kidney is a nephron Filters blood Reabsorbs water Forms urine to be moved to bladder

Excretory organs: don’t forget the lungs Organs of excretion IR pg 544

Nervous System IR pg 481 Central Nervous systemPeripheral nervous system Processor of the body Brain and spinal cord Receives information, interprets it and sends response signal to Peripheral nervous system Connects organs to Central nervous system Sensory neurons- collect information from sense organs Motor neurons- sends message to organs SO you feel a prick on your finger..... A sensory neuron receives message. Rapidly sends message to central nervous system. Brain translates message and sends a response. Motor neuron send message to muscles in finger... MOVE

So what is a neuron? Main cell of nervous system  Transmit message  Dendrites receive message  Axon transmit message  Neurons are placed end to end in the body

How does a nerve signal move from one neuron to another?  Vesicles (A) send neurotransmitter (molecule B) into synapse (gap between neurons)  New neuron will receive message.  Neurotransmitters attach to Receptors (C&D). New neuron has received message. Why would a cell have different receptors?

The PNS links the CNS to muscles and other organs.  The somatic nervous system regulates voluntary movements.  The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary, functions –sympathetic nervous system: “fight vs. flight” –parasympathetic nervous system: calms the body, conserves energy

Homeostasis Maintain a stable environment Mechanisms to maintain a stable environment  Why does the body need to be stable?  Chemical reactions (digestion, gas exchange) need an environment that stays the same  What type of environment does the body need?  Same pH, temperature, amount of salt  When does your temperature go up?  What does your body do to bring your temperature back down?  What organs and organ systems are involved?