Experiential meanings Language as representation: transitivity

meanings are encoded in clauses because of the way different types of processes are represented in language meanings are encoded in clauses because of the way different types of processes are represented in language

Three key components of processes: The PROCESS The PROCESS The PARTICIPANTS The PARTICIPANTS The CIRCUMSTANCES The CIRCUMSTANCES

1. The process itself, typically realised grammatically as the verb phrase. For example: hit, sees, broke. 2. The participant(s) associated with the process, typically realised grammatically by the noun phrase. For example: John, she, the vase.

3. The circumstances associated with the process, typically realised grammatically by the prepositional and adverb phrases. For example, in the room, at breakfast, over the wall.

Six types of processes: 1. Material 2. Mental 3. Behavioural 4. Verbal 5. Relational 6. Existential

Material Processes 1. Material processes are those concerned with doing, and happen in the physical world. In this process, there is always an actor or actors, and usually, though not always, a goal.

For example; (1) John hit the ball. ActorProcessGoal ActorProcessGoal (2) The vase broke. GoalProcess

Mental Processes 2. Mental processes are those concerned with sensing. mental processes are concerned with consciousness, involving: cognition (encoded in words such as understanding), cognition (encoded in words such as understanding), reaction (such as despising) perception (such as tasting).

(3) Lucy puzzled over the problem (cognition) SenserProcessPhenomenon (4) Harry can’t stand Fish(reaction) Senser ProcessPhenomenon (5) Cathie saw the dress (perception) Senser ProcessPhenomenon

4 types of mental process: Emotion Emotion Cognition Cognition Perception Perception Desideration Desideration

She hatedhim Iliked most music Iappreciateyou keeping quiet Senser Mental:emotion Phenomenon

You can imagine his reaction No onewould choosesuch a colour She never discoveredhis address SenserMental:cognitionPhenomenon

Hecould not seeanything He hearda faint sound Lucyfelt hot Senser Mental:perceptionphenomenon

Idon’t want any trouble You may cravea drink Sensermental:desiderationphenomenon

Bevavioural processes 3. Behavioural processes are those which embody physiological actions such as breathe and sneeze. They can also be expressed as states of consciousness as in cry or laugh, or processes of consciousness as forms of behaviour, such as dream, or worry. The participant in behavioural processes is the Behaver, the conscious entity who is behaving:

(6) She gaspedat the sight. Behaver ProcessCircumstance (7) Joanlaughed at the clown. Behaver ProcessCircumstance (8) The dog barked. BehaverProcess

Verbal Processes 4. Verbal processes are processes of saying. The participant roles associated with this process are the Sayer, who is the producer of speech, the Receiver, who is the entity to which the speech is addressed, and the Verbiage, which is what gets said.

For example: (9) Johntold the joke to his friends. SayerProcessVerbiageReceiver(s). SayerProcessVerbiageReceiver(s). (10) The Judge announcedthe sentence to the court. SayerProcessVerbiage Receiver

Verbal process may be directed at, rather than addressed to, another participant: TARGET a) Need not be human b) Person to whom message is addressed, may be different from entity at which it is directed

The report sharply criticises Lily’s quality- control procedures Lily’s quality-control procedures Target

She keeps rubbishing me to the other people in the house. ‘Me’ target ‘the other people in the house’ receiver

Relational Processes 5. Relational processes are those which are to do with ‘being’, in the specific sense of establishing a relationship between two entities. The process is almost always taken from forms of the verb be (or a very small number of similar verbs such as seem or become), and the participant roles those of the Identifier and identified. (11) The show is on all evening. Carrier ProcessAttribute (12) Catherine’s car is a Volvo. Carrier Process Attribute (13) Harry’s dogwasin the park. Carrier ProcessAttribute

Existential Processes 6. Existential processes assert that something exists or happens. Typically, they include the word there as a dummy subject, as in: There has been a theft or Has there been a fight? Normally only one participant role, realised in the examples as a theft and a fight. Existential processes take us back to material ones, in that both can answer a question such as what happened? In a material process, an actor and a goal would be identified, with the participant role replaced by a process. There has been a theft: John stole - In the existential version, the actor and goal disappear, to be replaced by the Existent.

a) POLICE SHOOT 11 DEAD IN SALIBURY RIOT Riot police shot and killed 11 African demonstrators. (The Guardian, p.1) b) RIOTING BLACKS SHOT DEAD BY POLICE Eleven Africans were shot dead and 15 wounded when Rhodesian police opened fire on a rioting crowd. (The Times, p1)

RIOTING BLACKS SHOT DEAD Goal Process BY POLICE Actor Eleven Africans Goal were shot dead and 15 wounded Process when Rhodesian police opened fire on a rioting crowd Actor

a) POLICE SHOT BRAZILIAN EIGHT TIMES The man mistaken for a suicide bomber by police was shot eight times, an inquest into his death has heard. (BBC News On-Line 25 July 2005). b) SHOT MAN WAS NOT BOMBER – POLICE The man shot dead in Stockwell tube station yesterday was not connected to the attempted bombings of London on July 21, police said tonight. (The Guardian On-Line 23 July 2005). (The Guardian On-Line 23 July 2005).

POLICE SHOT BRAZILIAN Actor Process Goal EIGHT TIMES

The man mistaken for a suicide bomber Goal by police Actor was shot eight times, Process: material an inquest into his death Receiver Has heard Process: verbal

SHOT MAN WAS NOT BOMBER – SHOT MAN WAS NOT BOMBER –VerbiagePOLICESayer

The man shot dead in Stockwell tube station yesterday was not connected to the attempted bombings of London on July 21, Verbiage Verbiage police said tonight. Sayer

POLICE SHOOT 11 DEAD IN RIOT Actor Process Goal Riot police shot and killed Actor Process 11 African demonstrators Goal

Nominal Groups Name and describe people, places and things and events, typically (but not always) realised by the participant roles in a clause. Name and describe people, places and things and events, typically (but not always) realised by the participant roles in a clause. The choices in nominal groups contribute to the experiential meanings in a text. The choices in nominal groups contribute to the experiential meanings in a text.

A nominal group consists of a main noun or ‘head’ word and has the potential to be expanded by adding information before the head word (premodification) and after it (postmodification). A nominal group consists of a main noun or ‘head’ word and has the potential to be expanded by adding information before the head word (premodification) and after it (postmodification). For example: My dog loved those bones. My dog loved those three smelly lamb bones from the butcher shop.

Those three smelly lamb PremodifierbonesHead From the butcher’s shop Postmodifier