Africa & Middle East

Colonialism: the policy and practice of a power in extending control over weaker peoples or areas. Also called imperialism Nationalism: a sentiment based on common cultural characteristics that binds a population and often produces a policy of national independence or separatism.

By the beginning of World War I in 1914, all of Africa, with the exception of Liberia and Ethiopia, had been colonized, and initial African resistance had been overcome by the colonial powers. Over the next decades as colonial rule became institutionalized, African resistance to colonialism became more focused and intense.

African Resistance to Colonialism tudents/curriculum/m7b/activity4.phphttp://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/s tudents/curriculum/m7b/activity4.php

Africa During 1920s & 1930s, Africans wanted to end imperialism and reclaim Africa for Africans Africans Resist Colonial Rule Since imperialism, Africans for Europeans- –Forced to work –Pay taxes – famine –Carry ID cards –Restriction on where live

4kvIMhttp:// 4kvIM GROWING UP IN SOUTH AFRICA

Africa in WWI During WWI, fought for colonizers in hope of independence, but didn’t get it South Africa: –Apartheid: System of racial discrimination/segregation was put into place by whites over blacks Egypt: –Gained independence from Britain in 1922, but remained under British influence to protect the Suez Canal Egyptians in protest, joined Muslim Brotherhood: Islamist nationalists that rejected western culture Symbol of Muslim Brotherhood

Africa and Nationalism

Middle East Turkey (former Ottoman Empire) Led by Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal): became known as “father of Turks” –Modernized following western models, separated “church” and state (gvmt), but preserved Islamic religion –Expanded industry to make Turkey economically independent

Persia becomes Iran Resentment over spheres of influence by Britain & Russia –Post-WWI, began to modernize and industrialize –Got Britain to give larger share of profits from oil

Oil, Middle East vs. the West Gas-powered engines used during WWI showed West need for oil in future 1920s & 1930s brought foreign investment to region to dominate and control oil –Increase in Pan-Arabism: nationalism built on heritage of Arabs with common history, language, & religion

Jews in Middle East In 1897, Jewish movement to build Jewish state in Palestine because of Anti- Semitism, prejudice against Jewish people, in Europe –Ex: pogroms in Russia During WWI, Arabs helped Allies against Central powers –Thought would gain independence, but didn’t Allies took further control by dividing up Ottoman Empire –Caused tensions in M.E. that still exist today British mandate of Palestine against Jewish nationalists = major problems today

During WWI, Allies made 2 opposite promises 1.Arab colonies = independence & land of Ottoman Empire including Palestine 2. Balfour Declaration=British want to set up “national home for Jews” in Palestine, but not to cause tension with non-Jewish communities in Palestine Sets stage between Arabs & Jews in region

From 1919 to 1940, Jews immigrated to Palestine. –Brought in money & industry Arab population also increased in Palestine –Wanted to slow or stop Jewish immigration all together, so began attacking the Jewish community In response, the Jews developed own defense system Fighting still exists today over same land –Jews call it Israel –Arabs call it Palestine

Middle East Conflict Video