May 9, 2016 Learning Target: I will be able to describe the processes that cause earthquakes. Success Criteria: I can explain what will cause “the big one.” Entry Task: Be ready for new seats Make a list of everything you know about earthquakes Make a list of everything you want to learn about earthquakes Agenda: Earthquakes 1)Earthquake Notes 2)Cascadia Subduction Zone 1)“The Big One”

Storms and Weather Quiz Data: Class Quiz Average 1 st – 20.42/27 = 75.62% 3 rd – 19.38/27 = 71.78% 4 th – 20.41/27 = 75.59% 6 th – 19.08/27 = 70.67% Class Overall Averages 1 st – 81.00% 3 rd – 78.56% 4 th – 85.19% 6 th – 82.89%

Storms and Weather Quiz Data: A = B = C = D = E = ≥ 16

Storms and Weather Quiz Data: Grades: Total Test Average Total Overall Average (96 Students Tested) (104 Science Students) 73.42% 81.91%

Storms and Weather Quiz Data: 1 st Period Grade Distribution: 100% - 1 A – 2 B – 8 C – 9 D – 1 E – 5

Storms and Weather Quiz Data: 3 rd Period Grade Distribution: 100% - 0 A – 1 B – 7 C – 7 D – 5 E – 4

Storms and Weather Quiz Data: 4th Period Grade Distribution: 100% - 1 A – 3 B – 7 C – 5 D – 1 E – 5

Storms and Weather Quiz Data: 6th Period Grade Distribution: 100% - 1 A – 0 B – 6 C – 7 D – 4 E – 6

Overall Grade Distribution

Earthquakes

What is an earthquake? Used to describe both sudden slip on a fault, and the resulting ground shaking 2 types: – Tectonic – Magmatic (magma rising within Earth).

What causes earthquakes? Tectonic plates move past each other causing stress. Stress causes the rock to deform

Focus – point inside the Earth where an earthquake begins Epicenter – point on Earth’s surface above focus

Typical Seismogram

Primary Waves (P Waves) A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground The first wave to arrive at an earthquake

Secondary Waves (S Waves) A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side

How are Earthquakes Measured? Richter Scale

Cascadia Subduction Zone

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST  Convergent boundary  Ocean-continent subduction  Cascadia subduction zone

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST 3 types of EQs in PNW  Crustal Magnitude: yr recurrence interval 1100 yrs ago  Deep subduction Magnitude: yr-recurrence interval 1949 (M 7.1), 1965 (M 6.5), 2001 (M 6.8)

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST 3 types of EQs in PNW  Shallow subduction (Mega-Thrust) “The Big One” Magnitude: yr recurrence interval Last: 1/26/1700 AD (315 yrs ago) (tsunami in Japan)

Mega-Thrust Earthquake Magnitude 8-9.5

Cascadia mega-thrust earthquakes: Occur every years on average – Max range: yrs Last occurrence: – 1700AD (315 years ago) – Magnitude 9.0 – Generated large tsunami – Struck Japan

Tsunami: Formation

Tsunami: Travel Can travel in open ocean at 600+ MPH

Tsunami: Travel Open ocean: Long wave length, short wave height Travel rapidly 600+ May travel across entire ocean & do great damage

Tsunami: Travel Approaching shore: Slows down, height increases Energy compressed into shallower water Arrives as large wave or surge or withdrawal of sea

Tsunami: Travel WA Coast 5hrs

Cascadia Tsunami Generated miles off shore Will strike west coast within minutes from START of earthquake Hawaii within 5hrs Japan within 13 hrs

If You’re At The Beach And… …you feel an EQ…  Run! …the tide surges inward… Run! …the tide surges outward… Run!