Keystone Review

Module 1 Cells and cellular Processes Characteristics of Life Biochemistry Cells (including movement of materials) Photosynthesis Cellular respiration

Module 2 Continuity and Unity of Life Mitosis Meiosis Genetics DNA Evolution Ecology

Test consists of 64 multiple choice and 8 constructed response. 73% multiple choice and 27% constructed response

Living or nonliving? Biotic Abiotic

8 characteristics of living things

DNA Homeostasis Cells Reproduction Response to environment Adaptation and evolution Growth and development Obtain and use energy

Biological Macromolecules Made up of subunits Lipids (C, H, O) Carbohydrates (C, H, O) Protein (C, H, O, N) Nucleic acids (C, H, O, N, P)

Lipids Long term energy storage ▫more energy per unit weight then carbohydrates Fat molecules ▫Many different kinds  Phospholipid  Makes up cell membrane  Triglyceride molecules  three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

Carbohydrate Energy storage, structure The simplest carbohydrate = monosaccharide ▫Glucose Monosaccharides are covalently bonded together ▫disaccharide ▫polysaccharide  Starch. (storage polysaccharide found in plants)  Cellulose (plant’s cell wall)

Protein acting as biological catalysts forming structural parts of organisms participating in cell signal and recognition factors acting as molecules of immunity Made up of amino acids (monomer) String together amino acids to create polymer (polypeptide)

Nucleic Acids Transmit genetic information Code for proteins DNA RNA

Photosynthesis Autotrophs use light energy to make food (glucose) Balanced equation: Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

Chloroplasts

Light Reaction H2O  O2 + ATP + NADPH2 Water is split, giving off oxygen. This system depends on sunlight for activation energy. Light is absorbed by chlorophyll a which "excites" the electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. Electrons are passed through a series of carriers and adenosine triphosphate or ATP (energy) is produced. Takes place in the thylakoids.

Dark Reaction ATP + NADPH2 + CO2  C6H12O6 Carbon dioxide is split, providing carbon to make sugars. The ultimate product is glucose. While this system depends on the products from the light reactions, it does not directly require light energy. Includes the Calvin Cycle. Takes place in the stroma.

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration Break down sugar to produce energy for the cell to use Mitochondria Balanced equation:

Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Electron Transport Chain (Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation)

The Cell Cycle

Mitosis Prophase (Prometaphase) Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Meiosis 2 divisions Diploid cell divides to form 4 haploid daughter cells ▫Haploid cells = gametes Crossing over Nondisjunction

Meiosis

Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon Nitrogen Water Phosphorus

Water

Nitrogen

Carbon

Phosphorus

DNA Double helix held together by hydrogen bonds A, T, C, G DNA Replication: ▫During S phase of cell cycle (interphase, before mitosis) ▫DNA helicase, DNA polymerase Haploid / Diploid

RNA, Transcription and Translation RNA: ▫Single stranded ▫A, U, C, G ▫Copy of a gene Transcription: making an RNA copy of a DNA gene ▫Takes place in the NUCLEUS Translation: making a protein from a strand of RNA ▫Takes place in the CYTOPLASM

RNA, Transcription and Translation Transcription: making an RNA copy of a DNA gene ▫Takes place in the NUCLEUS Translation: making a protein from a strand of RNA ▫Takes place in the CYTOPLASM

RNA, Transcription and Translation 3 types of RNA ▫tRNA – transfer ▫rRNA – ribosomal ▫mRNA – messenger

RNA, Transcription and Translation ALL types of RNA are involved in translation ▫tRNA: transfers amino acid to ribosome to be added to the polypeptide chain ▫rRNA: makes up the ribosome ▫mRNA: message from nucleus to ribosome  Contains codons which MATCH the anticodon found on the tRNA

Codons and Anticodons Codon ▫Three letter sequence found on mRNA ▫Corresponds to anticodon on the tRNA Anticodon ▫On tRNA ▫Matches with amino acid on tRNA