9.4 MRS. STOFFL The United States and Latin America

Puerto Rico – strategically important

Puerto Rico Feared that the U.S. wouldn’t give them the same self-rule they achieved from Spain Some wanted U.S. statehood 1900 Congress passes the Foraker Act: ended military rule (during Sp./Am. war) and set up a civil gov’t.  President elect governor and appoint upper house  Residents of Puerto Rico elect lower house

Future of Puerto Rico? Could Puerto Ricans enjoy citizenship rights in the U.S.?  This questions led to the Insular Cases: a series of Supreme Court cases to determine their rights  Outcome:  Taxes legal  Do not have full rights  Jones-Shafroth Act: granted Puerto Rican more rights and greater control over their legislature  Signed by Wilson in 1917  Many still wanted total independence

Cuba Sp./Am. War  Teller Amendment – U.S. had no intention of taking over any part of Cuba  Treaty of Paris gave Cuban independence American troops occupied Cuba after the war  Same officials in office as during Spanish rule  Imprisoned and exiled protestors  Am. troops gave food, clothes, set up schools, helped farmers

Cuban Response? Insult to Cuba Protest/march on the Governor’s house Return to arms 1903 – Cuba adopted the Platt Amendment Became a U.S. protectorate: partial control of stronger power  Why?  Protect American business interests and national security

Platt Amendment Additions to Cuban Constitution required by the U.S. before army would leave Platt Amendment:  Cuba could not make treaties that would limit its independence or give foreign power any control of its territory w/o U.S. approval  U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba  Cuba couldn’t go into debt it couldn’t repay  U.S. could buy/lease land for naval purposes in Cuba U.S. could not risk another country taking over Cuba (b/c close proximity).

Theodore Roosevelt Takes Over September 6, 1901 Pres. McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist who lost his job during the Panic of 1893 Roosevelt was a strong supported of America as an Imperialist power.

Roosevelt the Peace Maker Russo-Japanese War: battle over Korea  Japan defeated Russia in a series of Naval and land battles but was running out of $  ∴ asked Roosevelt to mediate a peace settlement  Succeeded and won the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for the Treaty of Portsmouth  Strengthened relationship b/w Japan and U.S.

Treaty of Portsmouth Russia had to remove troops from Manchuria which went back to China…Japanese control southern Railway Lines

“Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” Many Latin American countries had huge loans from European banks. Roosevelt did not want Europe to intervene if they defaulted on these loans  Roosevelt reminded Europe of the Monroe Doctrine  Then, he passed the Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt Corollary Disorder in L. Am. might force the U.S. to act as an “international police power” in the area Extension of the Monroe Doctrine (European countries must stay out of the affairs of Latin America).  Significance: U.S. prepared to protect economic interests in Latin American with force

Latin America Reacts to the Roosevelt Corollary Resented America as the “police force” of the hemisphere

Panama Canal U.S. need for a shortcut b/w the Atlantic + Pacific Oceans 1901 G.B. gave U.S. full rights to build/control a canal through Central America Bought the area from France for $40 million in 1903  Needed permission to build so the French orchestrated a revolt that the U.S. “intervened” in  U.S. to pay Panama $10 million + $250,000/year

Building the Panama Canal 1913 – over 43,000 workers to construct 5,600 workers does in the process $380 million to build U.S. – Latin American relationship hurt by U.S. support for the rebellion in Panama panama-canal

Dollar Diplomacy Under Taft, American banks to loan $ to Lat. American countries to pay back their loans to Europe. Nicaragua: Dollar diplomacy agreement  U.S. bankers would collect customs duties to pay back $  Also gained control of Nicaraguan railroad system and National Bank  Nicaraguan people revolted  U.S. sent in troops to put them down

President Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy Moral goals  human rights protection, national integritiy, opportunity. U.S. would deny recognition to any L. Am. gov’t it viewed as “oppressive, undemocratic or hostile to U.S. interests”

Mexican Revolution The Mexican dictator, Diaz, was friendly with the U.S.  Many U.S. investors owned Mexican oil wells, railroads and mines Diaz was overthrown by poor farmers and peasants who were upset about the rich foreigners  Insurrection led by Francisco Madero in 1911  1913 – Madero is executed by Victoriano Huerta  U.S. refused to recognize the new gov’t b/c Wilson’s moral diplomacy did not support this

Wilson Sends U.S. Troops to Mexico 1914: Wilson sends troops to support Carranza (anti-Huerta leader) b/c Mexican gov’t arrested U.S. soldiers  Took Huerta out of power But, Carranza’s gov’t was slow in enacting reforms ∴ Pancho Villa tries to take him down 1916 – Villa and his followers invade NM, killing 18 Americans  Wilson sends in General John J. Pershing who chases Villa around for months!  Eventually has to pull back due to WWI  leads the American Expeditionary Force

Mexican Revolution