1 Population 4 - Migration Coming or going?

2 Migration is …..the movement of people ‘A change in residence lasting more than one year’ United Nations … any movement by humans from one locality to another

3 Can be classified … By Scale (how far?) By the length of stay By cause (who makes the decision) By type (by origin and destination) By reason (What made them leave home? What made them go to the new place?)

4 Classified by Scale International e.g. from West Indies to the UK in 1950s Regional e.g. moving from Scotland to a good job in London Local e.g. moving out of Sheffield into a village in the Derbyshire Peak District, while still commuting in to work

5 Classified by Scale What am I talking about? 1. In the 1950s, we heard that Australia was a great place to live. The government were letting us sail there for only £10 each! So my dad and mum decided that we should go. 2. We lived in a terrace house in Manchester. It was pretty rough around there. We used to visit the country nearby at the week ends. One time we found this house that was for sale. It was dead quiet, but had a railway station nearby, so Dad could still get to work. We put in an offer on the house are were lucky to get it.

6 Classified by the length of stay Permanent – the people from the West Indies, who with their decedents, are still here Temporary – the Polish plumbers and builders, who having made enough money to buy a house back home, are going back to Poland

7 Classified by the length of stay What am I talking about? 1. Next year I am going to work for VSO, Voluntary Services Overseas. I am engineer and I hope to go and help people build clean reliable water supplies in Africa. The contracts run for 2 years. 2. My Grandmother came from Youghal, County Cork in Eire in She married my grandfather and my Dad was their first child [This is true! LM]

8 Classified by cause Voluntary (most) e.g. the British who choose to live in Spain or Italy Forced –asylum seekers /refugees ( what is the difference?) e.g. Sudan –Natural disaster e.g. in 1995 the Soufriere Hills in Southern Montserrat erupted so that over the half the island became useless – 50% of the population left –Further back the slave trade from west Africa to North America and the Caribbean to work on plantations –Jews during WW2 who were transported to the concentration camps

9 Classified by cause What am I talking about? 1. 10,000 unaccompanied Jewish children arrived in the UK in from Germany, Czechoslovakia & Austria 2. Following the British Nationality Act of 1948, all people from the Commonwealth could hold a passport that said the holder were citizen of the United Kingdom and the colonies, which meant a lot of people from the Caribbean could come here when they wanted. Many did!

10 Classified by type (The one we hear most about in the UK) LICs to HICs –People from the Caribbean and Indian subcontinent in 1950s ( we needed more workers) - voluntary –Refugees – forced – Asians from Uganda, when Iddi Armin threw them out forced –Evacuees from Montserrat in 1996, when the volcano erupted forced –Mexicans into the USA voluntary

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12 Classified by type What am I talking about? 1. I am came from a Pakistani village to live in Yorkshire 2. I came from Germany to work in the USA as a doctor 3. I had to leave Zimbabwe last year to look for work in South Africa as my family were starving and I need to send money home 4. Remember me? I am the engineer going to build well and water treatment plants?

13 Classification by reason Migration happens because of push factors and pull factors. It is usually a combination. Migration can be discourages by intervening factors Push factors – have to with the origin (where people come from) that make them decide to move. They are usually negative things like the lack of jobs or education

14 Classification by reason Pull factors – these are things about the destination that attract people. They are usually positive things like job opportunities or the perception of a better standard of living.

15 Classification by reason Intervening factors – these are things that stop people moving – like: –family commitments ( personal/social reasons) –distance - it much easier to move a little way away than a great distance –difficulty in finding somewhere to go – maybe the place you wish to go does not give permission –Cost – especially if you are trying go somewhere illegally you have to bribe people

16 What are push factors? Physical: the origin –Is inaccessible –Has a harsh climate –Is liable to natural disasters – famine in Ethiopia Economic: the origin –Has few jobs –Has a lot of poverty Social : the origin –there might be discrimination – gypsies in Rumania –lack of housing –large family – Fathers work abroad Political : the origin –civil unrest - Iraq –persecution - Iraq

17 What are pull factors? Physical: the destination –Attractive scenery – Sheffield to Derbyshire –Fertile soils – Ethiopia to elsewhere –few natural disasters – UK from Pakistanis Economic : the destination –High standard of living –Good wages Social : the destination –good welfare services –friends & relations – Leicester in UK for Asians –higher education Political : the destination –freedom of speech –Political asylum

18 Factors that push and pull Physical, Economic, Social, Political Is it a push or a pull? What kind? 1. The place I am going has a really good climate, enough rain but not floods or anything 2. Where I came from, the people are really poor. There are only a few jobs 3. Where I am going, the schooling is free and you can go to a doctor when you need to 4. Where I came from there was secret police who were always trying to catch you out for saying thing against the government

19 International Migration The united Nations estimate that 100 million people live in a different country from the one they were born in. Often economic migrants who move from LICs to HICs due to job opportunities or a better climate, e.g. Mexicans try to migrate to the much wealthier USA There is some migration between HICs, e.g. Britain to Australia. There has in the past been a Brain Drain, where highly qualified people go to a different country because the conditions are better, e.g. British researches go to the USA where the pay is better Refugees are people who fear for their lives if they stay where they are, and so try to go somewhere safer, e.g. Rwanda when the 2 groups Tutsis and Hutus were massacring each other.

20 Regional and local migration Rural- urban migration - from poor country area to perceived better conditions in the towns e.g. From the countryside to Sao Paulo in South Brazil Counter-urbanisation – in HICs, there is a movement out of the cities to the countryside where the lifestyle is seen as safer and more relaxed. Commuting (living outside and working inside the towns) has increased this trend

21 Rural –Urban Migration We talked about rural urban migration into Sao Paulo in South Brazil, when we looked at the favelas. This is not unusual. Many people move from the country to the towns in LICs because they think it will be better. But not just in LICs but in HICs too, the immigrant gets to live in the poorest areas and have the lowest paid jobs. The East of London has been home in successive waves of immigration to the Irish, the Jews from Eastern Europe and is now where a lot of people from India and Pakistan live.

22 Rural –Urban Migration While some eventually do better from a move to the cities, with better housing, education and healthcare, if too many move, there will not be enough people left behind to produce the food needed. This is why the EU has always supported Farmers with grants, to encourage them to stay in villages in France and Germany. At one time they were given money to grow crops and rear animals. Now, the EU is moving towards paying people to look after the countryside in environmentally sensitive ways

23 And if we have time ….. There’s always graphs and charts to look at it geography!

24 What can you tell from this? Migration to and from the UK in 2008

25 What can you tell from that?

26 But remember Emigration is moving away from … Migration is about moving from one place to another Immigration has come to …

27 Homework You will be finding out about a girl called Ammani who is thinking about emigrating You will need to sort out the pushes and pulls and whether her reasons are personal, social or economic. Then given the reasons, what would you advise her to do?