Biological Pollution: Ballast water Invasive Aquatic species Jamyung Kim Marine Environmental Research Laboratory

Concept & Term Pollutant Pollutant Chemical-based definition Biological-based definition Chemical-based definition Biological-based definition Biological Pollutant Biological Pollutant  Exotic species  Non-native species  Invasive species  Non-indigenous species A substance introduced into the natural environment as a result of man’s activities The input and effects of micro- and macro- organisms that lead an ecological disturbance

Comb jelly Toxic dinoflagellate Zebra mussel Tropical green algae Sea star Mediterranean mussel EastAsian Shell

Ballast water C equilibrium stableunstable C C C G G G G Recovery Buoyancy = ΔP*A = ρgh*A = ρgV Volume Recovery 100,000 ton

3-4 billion metric tons of ballast water Annually moves across the world’s ocean Vessel traffic densities for year 2000 based on the AMVER data World cargo trade per region in 2000 (in Mton)

How can the organisms survive in ballast water tanks?

What should we concern about Ballast water? How they can disturb the natural aquatic ecosystem? How they can disturb the natural aquatic ecosystem? What can be done about this problem? What can be done about this problem? Regulations and what do we have to? Regulations and what do we have to?

Case study Toxic dinoflagellates in Australian water 60 millions tonnes of ballast water annually 60 millions tonnes of ballast water annually Tasmania Tasmania From Argentina, Japan, Mexico.. From Argentina, Japan, Mexico.. Gymnodinium catenatum Gymnodinium catenatum Alexandrium tamarense Alexandrium tamarense threat to shellfish farming industries threat to shellfish farming industries Spores remain 20 to 30 years Spores remain 20 to 30 years Paralytic shellfish poisoning in human

Great Lake in the United States the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway on 1959 the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway on 1959 By 1996, 130 alien species By 1996, 130 alien species European Zebra mussel European Zebra mussel $5 billion/yr in damages by the year 2000 $5 billion/yr in damages by the year 2000Sanfrancisco East Asian shell East Asian shell Reduce food and oxygen for native fauna Cover native mussels, snails, clams Clog water intake pipes, electric generating plants Reduce the population of phytoplankton Changing food web & Accumulate heavy metals in organisms

Ballast water exchange Mid Ocean Exchange Mid Ocean Exchange 95 % of original water can be replaced Advantages Be done while the ship is en route No additional equipment or operator Simple process Easy monitoring Drawbacks Residual waters from the bottom of tank Unsafe Reballasting Ballast continuous exchange Diliution

Heat treatment 35~45 ℃ Advantages Used as a coolant No chemical byproducts Disadvantages Limitation of heat Corrosion Need filtering of dead organisms Filtration Drawbacks Clogging Flow rate Require specialized equipment Be not likely remove small organism

Other methods of using.. Chemical biocides Chemical biocides Oxidizing : include chlorine, bromine, iodine, ozon Oxidizing : include chlorine, bromine, iodine, ozon Nonoxidizing : gluteraldehyde Nonoxidizing : gluteraldehyde UV light UV light Physical methods : acoustic / electric pulse / magnetic Physical methods : acoustic / electric pulse / magnetic

Killing of Invasive Species of Ship’s Ballast Water in 20 t/h System Using Hydroxyl Radicals Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing (February 2005) With the strong ionization discharge of dielectric barrier, 2H 2 O + e H 2 O + + H 2 O * + 2e - H 2 O * H· + OH · H 2 O + + H 2 O H 3 O + + OH · H 2 O + H + + OH · O 2 + e O e O 2 + e O + + O · +2e N O 2 N 2 + O 2 + O 2 + H 2 O + M O 2 + (H 2 O) + M O 2 + (H 2 O) + H 2 O H 2 O + + O 2 + OH · O 2 + (H 2 O) + H 2 O H 2 O + (OH) + O 2 H 2 O + (OH) + H 2 O H 2 O + + H 2 O + OH ·

Experimental System 24.3mg/l Ballast tank Hydroxyl solution Pump Dissolver Sampling valves 0s 2.67s 5.33s 8.00s 1.33s Sampling time H 2 O, O 2

Result

Regulations UN sets treatment standard for ballast water UN sets treatment standard for ballast water IMO (International Maritime Organization) - Starting 2009, ships will have to treat their ballast water so that discharges contain fewer than 10 viable water so that discharges contain fewer than 10 viable organisms greater than or equal to 50 micrometers in organisms greater than or equal to 50 micrometers in size per cubic meter. size per cubic meter. - Smaller vessels will have to comply first, and other - Smaller vessels will have to comply first, and other existing ships will be phased into regulation by existing ships will be phased into regulation by Compliance cost estimated range from $100,000 to - Compliance cost estimated range from $100,000 to $1 million per ship. $1 million per ship.

Conclusion 3-4 billion metric tons of ballast water annually moves across the world’s ocean. 3-4 billion metric tons of ballast water annually moves across the world’s ocean. Invasion of organisms have ecological, economical and human health impacts. Invasion of organisms have ecological, economical and human health impacts. Several technology have been proposed for shipboard treatment of ballast water, however, no high efficient, low cost, non-residual method could be used in the treatment. Several technology have been proposed for shipboard treatment of ballast water, however, no high efficient, low cost, non-residual method could be used in the treatment. IMO standard cannot be achieved with currently available technology and not enough research has been done. IMO standard cannot be achieved with currently available technology and not enough research has been done. It needs to develop the way of treating ballast water to meet the standards practically. It needs to develop the way of treating ballast water to meet the standards practically.