States of Matter Unit 2.1

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Matter Matter ~ Anything that has mass and occupies space. States of Matter ~ Depend on how much energy the particles of matter have: Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas -Which has the most energy? -The least? -How do they change states?

Kinetic Theory Kinetic Theory: The basic theory of matter Kinetic Theory: The basic theory of matter All matter is composed of small particles All matter is composed of small particles Particles are in constant random motion, the higher the energy, the faster they move Particles are in constant random motion, the higher the energy, the faster they move At the same temperature, heavier particles move slower than lighter particles At the same temperature, heavier particles move slower than lighter particles Particles collide with each other and the walls of their containers constantly, and when particles collide small amounts of energy are transferred to each other Particles collide with each other and the walls of their containers constantly, and when particles collide small amounts of energy are transferred to each other

Solids Solids- have a definite shape and volume- particles have strong attraction for each other, preventing the particles from moving apart Solids- have a definite shape and volume- particles have strong attraction for each other, preventing the particles from moving apart

Going from a Solid to a Liquid Melting: going from a solid to a liquid Melting: going from a solid to a liquid Heat is added, so particles move faster Heat is added, so particles move faster Eventually solid particles have enough energy to start moving past each other Eventually solid particles have enough energy to start moving past each other Sublimation: when solids go straight to a gas Sublimation: when solids go straight to a gas

Liquids Liquids have a definite volume but not a definite shape Liquids have a definite volume but not a definite shape Melting Point- temperature at which a solid begins to liquefy. Melting Point- temperature at which a solid begins to liquefy. Heat of fusion- the amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase at its melting point Heat of fusion- the amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase at its melting point

Going from a Liquid to a Gas Evaporation- particles of a liquid gain enough energy and escape the attractive forces holding them together and become a gas Evaporation- particles of a liquid gain enough energy and escape the attractive forces holding them together and become a gas Gases do not have a definite shape or volume Gases do not have a definite shape or volume Have the most Kinetic Energy of the 3 states of matter Have the most Kinetic Energy of the 3 states of matter Spread and fill the containers Spread and fill the containers Diffusion-spreading of particles throughout a container until they are evenly distributed Diffusion-spreading of particles throughout a container until they are evenly distributed

Gases Boiling Point- the Temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas Boiling Point- the Temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas Heat of vaporization- amount of energy required for a liquid to boil Heat of vaporization- amount of energy required for a liquid to boil

Going from a Gas back to a Solid Condensation: when a gas loses energy (cools off) and becomes a liquid Condensation: when a gas loses energy (cools off) and becomes a liquid Ex. A cold glass of water starts “sweating” Ex. A cold glass of water starts “sweating” Freezing Point: the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid Freezing Point: the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid Ex. Ice in a freezer, hot lava cooling a becoming a rock Ex. Ice in a freezer, hot lava cooling a becoming a rock

Heating Curve A B C D E A: ice is being heated- energy is used to increase temperature B- ice is melting- heat of fusion - melting point – energy is used to overcome attractions C- liquid is heated up- energy is used to increase temperature D- liquid is changing to vapor- heat of vaporization- boiling point- energy is used to overcome attractions E - vapor is being heated- energy is used to increase temperature