GILDED AGE SOCIETY in TRANSITION Part 2 SOCIETY in TRANSITION Part 2

IMMIGRATION to URBANIZATION “WELCOME TO ALL”

IMMIGRATION to URBANIZATION Pushed by economic, social, and political unrest. Pulled by the hope of a new, better life (jobs, land, fortune). Faced great hardships during the journey to America. Processed through Ellis Island (NY) or Angel Island (CA). Settled with relatives and others of SAME nationality in ethnic neighborhoods called ghettos.

IMMIGRATION to URBANIZATION The New Colossus By: Emma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

IMMIGRATION to URBANIZATION “Birds of Passage” 1) Eastern and southern European migrants were peasants who had lost their property as a result of the commercialization of agriculture. 2) They came to America to earn enough money to allow them to return home and purchase a piece of land. Many came to America alone, expecting to rejoin their families in Europe within a few years. 3) As one Slavic steelworker put it: “A good job, save money, work all time, go home, sleep, no spend.” 4) From 1907 to 1911, of every 100 Italians who arrived in the United States, 70 returned to the Old Country. 5) For southern and eastern Europe as a whole, approximately 40of every 100 who arrived returned back home.

IMMIGRATION to URBANIZATION Between 1880 & 1920, 11 millions left the economic hardships of the farms for the opportunities that cities offered.

IMMIGRATION to URBANIZATION CHICAGO, 1871

IMMIGRATION to URBANIZATION CHICAGO, 1896

NEW YORK CITY 1870 IMMIGRATION to URBANIZATION

NEW YORK CITY 1900 NEW YORK CITY 1900 IMMIGRATION to URBANIZATION

Skyscrapers: Cities grow upwards as well as outwards The elevator, invented by Elisha Graves Otis in 1852, made skyscrapers possible. The Chicago Home Insurance Company building (1885) and the Wainwright building (1891) in St. Louis were two of the first skyscrapers built. IMMIGRATION to URBANIZATION

Suburbs begin... Residential communities surrounding the cities. Motorized transportation made living outside of cities and commuting to work in cities possible.

How the Other Half Lives

Jacob Riis Danish immigrant photojournalist, writer, reformer, PROGRESSIVE. How the Other Half Lives

Riis’ photo demonstrated life in the slums. How the Other Half Lives

Riis hoped his photography would compel the middle class and upper class to help poor immigrants. Riis hoped his photography would compel the middle class and upper class to help poor immigrants.

How the Other Half Lives

Bandit's Roost (1888) This image is Bandit's Roost at 59½ Mulberry Street, considered the most crime-ridden, dangerous part of New York City. Mulberry Street Bandit's Roost (1888) This image is Bandit's Roost at 59½ Mulberry Street, considered the most crime-ridden, dangerous part of New York City. Mulberry Street

N A T I V I S M Favoring native-born Americans over immigrants.

American Protective Association Targeted immigrants as unwanted. Called for teaching of English language only in schools. Wanted tougher conditions for citizenship. Wanted stricter laws on employing immigrants Particularly despised Catholics. Targeted immigrants as unwanted. Called for teaching of English language only in schools. Wanted tougher conditions for citizenship. Wanted stricter laws on employing immigrants Particularly despised Catholics. N A T I V I S M

IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION LEAGUE Formed by Harvard graduates in 1894 Formed by Harvard graduates in 1894 Wanted a literacy test used to exclude immigrants considered unfit. Wanted a literacy test used to exclude immigrants considered unfit. Particularly disliked immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe (the “New Immigrants”) Particularly disliked immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe (the “New Immigrants”) Formed by Harvard graduates in 1894 Formed by Harvard graduates in 1894 Wanted a literacy test used to exclude immigrants considered unfit. Wanted a literacy test used to exclude immigrants considered unfit. Particularly disliked immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe (the “New Immigrants”) Particularly disliked immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe (the “New Immigrants”) N A T I V I S M

“LOOKING BACKWARD” Analyze the picture below. Why are these men hypocrites (fake, two-faced)?

City Politics & Corruption What does this mean? ⇓ What does this mean? ⇓ Political “Boss” William M. Tweed A political “boss” is an individual who organizes, manages, leads and dominates a political party in given area (city, county, state, or national level). A political “boss” is an individual who organizes, manages, leads and dominates a political party in given area (city, county, state, or national level). Leader of New York City’s famed political machine, Tammany Hall, Tammany Hall Tweed essentially ran the city in the years following the Civil War. Leader of New York City’s famed political machine, Tammany Hall, Tammany Hall Tweed essentially ran the city in the years following the Civil War.

Held numerous jobs: chairmaker, bookkeeper, member of father's brush-man firm, and volunteer fireman. Held numerous jobs: chairmaker, bookkeeper, member of father's brush-man firm, and volunteer fireman. Became an alderman to New York city in 1851 & rose quickly through the ranks Became an alderman to New York city in 1851 & rose quickly through the ranks Major Accomplishments: Built his power in Tammany Hall through the appointment & appointment and election of his friends (called the “Tweed Ring”). Conned and plundered the city of New York our of $30 - $200 million. Major Accomplishments: Built his power in Tammany Hall through the appointment & appointment and election of his friends (called the “Tweed Ring”). Conned and plundered the city of New York our of $30 - $200 million. Significance: Controlled all Democratic New York state & city nominations ( ). Significance: Controlled all Democratic New York state & city nominations ( ). Illegally forced election of his choice for New York governor, New York City mayor, & speaker of the assembly Illegally forced election of his choice for New York governor, New York City mayor, & speaker of the assembly Held numerous jobs: chairmaker, bookkeeper, member of father's brush-man firm, and volunteer fireman. Held numerous jobs: chairmaker, bookkeeper, member of father's brush-man firm, and volunteer fireman. Became an alderman to New York city in 1851 & rose quickly through the ranks Became an alderman to New York city in 1851 & rose quickly through the ranks Major Accomplishments: Built his power in Tammany Hall through the appointment & appointment and election of his friends (called the “Tweed Ring”). Conned and plundered the city of New York our of $30 - $200 million. Major Accomplishments: Built his power in Tammany Hall through the appointment & appointment and election of his friends (called the “Tweed Ring”). Conned and plundered the city of New York our of $30 - $200 million. Significance: Controlled all Democratic New York state & city nominations ( ). Significance: Controlled all Democratic New York state & city nominations ( ). Illegally forced election of his choice for New York governor, New York City mayor, & speaker of the assembly Illegally forced election of his choice for New York governor, New York City mayor, & speaker of the assembly CITY POLITICS & CORRUPTION

CITY POLITICS/ CORRUPTION Analyze: How was Boss Tweed viewed? Why? Analyze: How was Boss Tweed viewed? Why? Tammany Hill was the name given to the Democratic political machine that dominated New York politics.

Immigration & “Boss” politics

“THAT’S WHATS THE MATTER” Boss Tweed, “ As long as I count the Votes, what are you going to do about it? Say?” “THAT’S WHATS THE MATTER” Boss Tweed, “ As long as I count the Votes, what are you going to do about it? Say?” JOBS, PLACES TO LIVE, OTHER ASSISTANCE IMMIGRATION& “BOSS” POLITICS IMMIGRATION&

IMMIGRATION & “BOSS” POLITICS Analyze: What is happening? Why? 17th Amendment: Senators elected!

IMMIGRATION & “BOSS” POLITICS Analyze: What is happening? Why?

Social Reform Helping the Needy Helping the Needy

Charity Organization Movement Made charity a scientific enterprise. Made charity a scientific enterprise. Kept detailed files of those poor that were worthy of helping. Kept detailed files of those poor that were worthy of helping. Wanted immigrants to adopt American middle- class standards of child-rearing, cleaning and cooking. Wanted immigrants to adopt American middle- class standards of child-rearing, cleaning and cooking. Made charity a scientific enterprise. Made charity a scientific enterprise. Kept detailed files of those poor that were worthy of helping. Kept detailed files of those poor that were worthy of helping. Wanted immigrants to adopt American middle- class standards of child-rearing, cleaning and cooking. Wanted immigrants to adopt American middle- class standards of child-rearing, cleaning and cooking.

Social Gospel Movement Sought to apply the teachings of Jesus Christ to directly help improve society. Sought to apply the teachings of Jesus Christ to directly help improve society. Focused on ideals such as justice & charity, and sought labor reforms. Focused on ideals such as justice & charity, and sought labor reforms. Wanted improved living and working conditions for workers, including larger share of national wealth for workers. Wanted improved living and working conditions for workers, including larger share of national wealth for workers. Sought to apply the teachings of Jesus Christ to directly help improve society. Sought to apply the teachings of Jesus Christ to directly help improve society. Focused on ideals such as justice & charity, and sought labor reforms. Focused on ideals such as justice & charity, and sought labor reforms. Wanted improved living and working conditions for workers, including larger share of national wealth for workers. Wanted improved living and working conditions for workers, including larger share of national wealth for workers. 16th Amendment: Congress levy income tax.

The Settlement Movement Settlement House: kind of community center, offered social services Hull House: opened by Jane Addams & Ellen Gates Starr Offered education, culture, and hope to slums. Settlement House: kind of community center, offered social services Hull House: opened by Jane Addams & Ellen Gates Starr Offered education, culture, and hope to slums.

Hull House

Temperance & Prohibition Temperance Movement was an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption. Temperance Movement was an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption. Prohibition Party Prohibition Party Women’s Christian Temperance Movement Women’s Christian Temperance Movement Anti-Saloon League Anti-Saloon League Temperance Movement was an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption. Temperance Movement was an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption. Prohibition Party Prohibition Party Women’s Christian Temperance Movement Women’s Christian Temperance Movement Anti-Saloon League Anti-Saloon League 18th Amendment: Ban making/selling alcohol!

P R O H I B I T I O N A ban on the manufacturing and sale of alcoholic beverages! Carrie A. Nation crusaded against the evils of alcohol with a hatchet and the Bible

19th amendment What was it? Who advocated (campaigned) for it? Women’s right to vote. Susan B. Anthony. What was it? Who advocated (campaigned) for it? Women’s right to vote. Susan B. Anthony.