Ancient River Valley Civilizations World History I SOL.WHI.3

CIVILIZATION Advanced Cities Many People Centers for trade Specialized Workers Artisans Craftsmen Complex Institutions Government Organized Religion Economy Record Keeping Laws Debts and Payments Advanced Technology New tools New methods for solving problems What makes a civilization?

River Valley Civilizations (about 3500 to 500 B.C.) Where did the earliest civilizations form? Egyptian civilization Egyptian civilization Nile R. Valley & Delta (Egypt) Nile R. Valley & Delta (Egypt) Mesopotamian civilization Mesopotamian civilization Tigris & Euphrates R. Valleys (Southwest Asia) Tigris & Euphrates R. Valleys (Southwest Asia) Indian civilization Indian civilization Indus R. Valley (South Asia) Indus R. Valley (South Asia) Chinese civilization Chinese civilization Huang He Valley (East Asia) Huang He Valley (East Asia)

World’s First Civilization Formed in Tigris-Euphrates R. Valley (Iraq) Formed in Tigris-Euphrates R. Valley (Iraq) Known as Sumer Known as Sumer Major city (richest) = Ur Major city (richest) = Ur Birthplace of Abraham Birthplace of Abraham Most important building was the temple Most important building was the temple Ziggurat: a tiered, pyramid-shaped structure that formed part of a Sumerian temple Ziggurat: a tiered, pyramid-shaped structure that formed part of a Sumerian temple

Ziggurat

Sumerians 1 new technology = making Bronze 1 new technology = making Bronze Bronze Age: refers to the time when people began using bronze to make tools & weapons Bronze Age: refers to the time when people began using bronze to make tools & weapons Inventions Inventions Wheel (potter’s wheel), number system based on “60”, mud bricks, plows, etc. Wheel (potter’s wheel), number system based on “60”, mud bricks, plows, etc. Cuneiform (wedge-shaped) Cuneiform (wedge-shaped) World’s 1 st written language World’s 1 st written language

Cuneiform

Written by the Sumerians Written by the Sumerians Gilgamesh is one of the oldest recorded stories in the world. It's about an ancient King of Uruk who may have actually existed and whose name - Gilgamesh - is on the Sumerian King List. Gilgamesh is one of the oldest recorded stories in the world. It's about an ancient King of Uruk who may have actually existed and whose name - Gilgamesh - is on the Sumerian King List. According to the story, Gilgamesh was not just a hero. He was the first superhero! He was part god and part human. According to the story, Gilgamesh was not just a hero. He was the first superhero! He was part god and part human. Epic of Gilgamesh

Sumerians Problems Problems Often raided Often raided Conquered by Akkadians (led by Sargon I) Conquered by Akkadians (led by Sargon I) Forms World’s 1 st Great Empire Forms World’s 1 st Great Empire Empire: a political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler (usually accomplished by conquest) Empire: a political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler (usually accomplished by conquest)

Other Civilizations Babylonian Empire Babylonian Empire Est. by nomadic warriors known as Amorites Est. by nomadic warriors known as Amorites Babylon set up as capital (on Euphrates River) Babylon set up as capital (on Euphrates River) Reached peak during the reign of Hammurabi Reached peak during the reign of Hammurabi Hammurabi: put together code of laws known as Hammurabi’s Code Hammurabi: put together code of laws known as Hammurabi’s Code 282 specific laws regarding family relations, business conduct, & crime 282 specific laws regarding family relations, business conduct, & crime Punishment varied depending upon class & gender Punishment varied depending upon class & gender “Eye for an eye” principle “Eye for an eye” principle

Hammurabi’s Code Excerpt: If a man has stolen an ox, a sheep, a pig, or a goat that belonged to a temple or palace, he shall repay thirty times its cost. If it belonged to a private citizen, he shall repay ten times. If the thief cannot pay, he shall be put to death. (Textbook, pg. 32)

Recently, we discussed Hammurabi’s Code and the harsh punishments associated with violating any of his laws. Do you think laws are too strict or too lenient in the United States? Give me an example of a law/punishment you believe to be too strict/lenient. Do you think more or less crime would take place if we still used punishments like those administered under Hammurabi’s Code? Why?

Other Civilizations Phoenicians Phoenicians Settled on Mediterranean Coast (Lebanon) Settled on Mediterranean Coast (Lebanon) Lived in city-states Lived in city-states Excellent shipbuilders and sailors Excellent shipbuilders and sailors

Phoenicians (cont.) Exceptional traders (known for purple dye) Exceptional traders (known for purple dye) Phonetic Alphabet—one sign for one sound Phonetic Alphabet—one sign for one sound

Other Civilizations Hittites Hittites Skilled iron workers Skilled iron workers Great conquerors due to superior iron weapons & the use of chariots in battle Great conquerors due to superior iron weapons & the use of chariots in battle

Other Civilizations Assyrians Assyrians Ruthless conquerors Ruthless conquerors Created a library at Nineveh Created a library at Nineveh

Other Civilizations Chaldeans Chaldeans Est. Second Babylonian Empire Est. Second Babylonian Empire Led by King Nebuchadnezzar Led by King Nebuchadnezzar Rebuilt Babylon Rebuilt Babylon “Hanging Gardens” “Hanging Gardens”

Other Civilizations Persians Persians Height of civilization under King Darius I Height of civilization under King Darius I Accepted the teachings of prophet named Zoroaster Accepted the teachings of prophet named Zoroaster World = struggles between good & evil World = struggles between good & evil Concept of heaven & hell Concept of heaven & hell

Judaism The monotheism of Abraham became the foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—religions that changed the world. The Hebrews were the first to become monotheists. What were essential beliefs of Judaism? How did Judaism influence Western civilization?

Origins of Judaism Abraham (founder) Abraham (founder) (2166 BC-1991 BC) (2166 BC-1991 BC) from Ur; called by from Ur; called by God to lead his God to lead his people to promise people to promise land (Canaan) land (Canaan) married to Sarah married to Sarah promised a son (heir) to lead a great nation promised a son (heir) to lead a great nation Has a son, Ishmael, by Sarah’s maidservant Hagar (starts Islam roots); later banished to the desert Has a son, Ishmael, by Sarah’s maidservant Hagar (starts Islam roots); later banished to the desert has son Isaac at the age of 100 (descendants are the Hebrews/Jews) has son Isaac at the age of 100 (descendants are the Hebrews/Jews) called by God to sacrifice Isaac on alter called by God to sacrifice Isaac on alter

Multiple Generations 12 Sons = 12 Tribes of Israel EGYPT

Moses

Moses

Moses

Origins of Judaism Moses —( BC) led Israelites out of slavery in Egypt after 400 years of captivity received the Torah from God along with the 10 Commandments died at approx. 120

Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaism Belief in one God (monotheism) Belief in one God (monotheism) Torah—contains written records and beliefs of Hebrews; first 5 books of Old Testament Torah—contains written records and beliefs of Hebrews; first 5 books of Old Testament (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy) (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy) First written down during Exile (captivity) in Babylon First written down during Exile (captivity) in Babylon Ten Commandments—state moral and religious conduct Ten Commandments—state moral and religious conduct

Spread of Judaism Jerusalem—holy heritage site for Jews, Muslims & Christians Jerusalem—holy heritage site for Jews, Muslims & Christians King Saul united the Hebrews & became the first king of a new kingdom (Israel) in 1020 BC King Saul united the Hebrews & became the first king of a new kingdom (Israel) in 1020 BC King Solomon became king of Israel and built a great temple in Jerusalem in 962 BC King Solomon became king of Israel and built a great temple in Jerusalem in 962 BC Exile—Jerusalem was taken by Babylonians in 586 B.C.; Hebrews forced to go to Babylonia as slaves Exile—Jerusalem was taken by Babylonians in 586 B.C.; Hebrews forced to go to Babylonia as slaves

Spread of Judaism 515 B.C.—the second temple in Jerusalem was completed 515 B.C.—the second temple in Jerusalem was completed 63 B.C.—Judea was conquered by Romans 63 B.C.—Judea was conquered by Romans Diaspora—”scattering” in 70 A.D. Romans storm Jerusalem & destroy the Temple (only western wall remains); Jews scatter throughout the Middle East, Africa, and Europe; remain without a home state until Israel is created in Diaspora—”scattering” in 70 A.D. Romans storm Jerusalem & destroy the Temple (only western wall remains); Jews scatter throughout the Middle East, Africa, and Europe; remain without a home state until Israel is created in 1948.