Chapter 10 Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Classical Greece, B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

Early Development of Greek Society Minoan society  Island of Crete  Major city: Knossos Ca B.C.E., center of Mediterranean maritime trade Received early influences from Phoenicia and Egypt 3 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Mycenaean Society Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus, ca B.C.E. Influenced by Minoan culture Major settlement: Mycenae Military expansion throughout region 4 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chaos in the Eastern Mediterranean Trojan war, ca B.C.E.  Homer’s Iliad  Sequel: Odyssey  Importance: Humans want to show their interaction with their gods 5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Polis City-state Urban center, dominating surrounding rural areas Highly independent character  Monarchies  “Tyrannies,” not necessarily oppressive  Early democracies 6 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Sparta Highly militarized society Subjugated peoples: helots  Serfs, tied to land  Outnumbered Spartans 10:1 by sixth century B.C.E. Military society developed to control threat of rebellion 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Spartan Society Boys removed from families at age seven  Received military training in barracks  Active military service follows Marriage, but no home life until age 30 9 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Spartan Foreign Policy –Foreigners were discouraged from visiting and Spartans were not allowed to travel abroad –Kept out dangerous ideas and discouraged new thoughts ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

Spartan Role of Women –Expected to exercise and raise healthy children –Had greater freedom and power in the household due to separation from their husbands –Could own property ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11

Sparta

Athens Development of early democracy  Free adult males only  Women, slaves excluded Yet contrast Athenian style of government with Spartan militarism 14 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Athenian Society Maritime trade brings increasing prosperity beginning seventh century B.C.E. –Democracy with 3 bodies –Council of 500 (propose law) –Athenian Assembly (voted on proposed laws) –People’s Court (enforce laws) 15 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Athenian Foreign Policy –Economy was based on farming and trade –Encouraged to travel, make connections, and trade –Liked new ideas and cultures ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

Athenian Role of Women –Women could not own property and always had a male guardian –Chief obligation was to have children –Were expected to stay at home and out of sight, unless attending religious festivals or funerals ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

Pericles Ruled B.C.E. Known as the “Champion of Democracy” Encouraged cultural development 18 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Classical Greece and the Mediterranean Basin, B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

Persian Wars ( B.C.E.)  Greek cities on Ionian coast revolted against Persia, 500 B.C.E.  Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C.E., is decisive victory for Athens  Xerxes tried again to seize Athens; his navy lost battle of Salamis (480 B.C.E.)  Persian army retreated back to Anatolia (479 B.C.E.) 21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Xerxes of Persia

King Leonidas

The Delian League Delian League is created to forestall more Persian attacks Led by Athens  Massive payments to Athens  Delian League became a fundraiser for the city of Athens 30 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Peloponnesian War Civil war in Greece, B.C.E. Poleis allied with either Athens or Sparta Athens forced to surrender But conflict continued between Sparta and other poleis 31 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Kingdom of Macedon King Philip II (r B.C.E.) builds massive military and controls region by 338 B.C.E. “Alexander the Great,” son of Philip II  Rapid expansion throughout Mediterranean basin  Invasion of Persia successful  Turned back in India when exhausted troops mutinied  Died in 323 BCE at age of thirty-three 32 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Alexander’s Empire, ca. 323 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 34

The Hellenistic Empires After Alexander’s death, competition for empire Divided by generals  Antigonus: Greece and Macedon  Ptolemy: Egypt  Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid empire Economic integration, intellectual cross- fertilization ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 37

Hellenism –Hellenism: means “to imitate the Greeks” –Expansion of Greek language and ideas to other parts of the world –Massive spread of Greek colonists to Asia ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 38

Science and Mathematics Democritus, atoms Pythagoras, systematic approach to mathematics Hippocrates, human anatomy and physiology 39 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Socrates ( B.C.E.)  Encouraged reflection on questions of ethics and morality  Socrates was charged with disrespect for religion and corrupting the city’s children; thought he caused children to question the actions of the gods  Sentenced to death by drinking a cup of hemlock 40 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Plato ( B.C.E.)  His most famous work was the Republic  Government should be led by the people most qualified to make good decisions – philosophers 41 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.