13.4 Part II Cont… The Catholic Reformation & Widespread Persecution

The Council of Trent  Established the direction of the Catholic Reformation  Called by Pope Paul III  Met for about 20 years  Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views Declared salvation came through faith & good works Declared salvation came through faith & good works Bible is not only source of religious truths Bible is not only source of religious truths Took steps to end abuses in the Church Took steps to end abuses in the Church Created Schools: Educate clergy to counter Protestant challenges Created Schools: Educate clergy to counter Protestant challenges

The Inquisition  Strengthened by Pope Paul III  Inquisition = church court Used secret testimony, torture and execution to root out heresy Used secret testimony, torture and execution to root out heresy  The Index of Forbidden Books: Books considered to immoral or irreligious for Catholics to read (Luther, Calvin, etc…) Books considered to immoral or irreligious for Catholics to read (Luther, Calvin, etc…)

Founding the Jesuits  Ignatius of Loyola: Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Vowed to become a soldier of God Vowed to become a soldier of God Outlined a strict plan of spiritual and moral disciplineOutlined a strict plan of spiritual and moral discipline Emphasized religious training and absolute obedience to the ChurchEmphasized religious training and absolute obedience to the Church Goal: Defend and spread Catholic faith worldwide Goal: Defend and spread Catholic faith worldwide Advised Catholic rulersAdvised Catholic rulers Helped Fight HeresyHelped Fight Heresy Set up schools that taught Catholic beliefsSet up schools that taught Catholic beliefs

Teresa of Avila  Established her own order of nuns Found convent life too relaxed Found convent life too relaxed  Lived in isolation Ate and slept very little Ate and slept very little Dedicated to prayer and meditation Dedicated to prayer and meditation  Asked to reform convents and monasteries in Spain Canonized after her death Canonized after her death

Legacy of the Catholic Reformation:  What do you think?  Why?  Provide examples…  Modern implications?

Widespread Persecution:  Witch Hunts: : Tens of thousands killed in witch hunts : Tens of thousands killed in witch hunts Usually women, accused of being agents of the devil (witches)Usually women, accused of being agents of the devil (witches) Most died in Germany, Switzerland or FranceMost died in Germany, Switzerland or France Declined as religious conflicts lessened Declined as religious conflicts lessened  Reason for Persecution: Belief in both Christianity and Magic Belief in both Christianity and Magic Magic was associated with the devilMagic was associated with the devil Witches were seen as anti-ChristianWitches were seen as anti-Christian

Persecuting the Jews:  Pressure on Jews to convert was common throughout Europe  1516: Jews in Venice ordered to live in certain quarters of the city = Ghettos Other Italian cities soon followed Other Italian cities soon followed  During Reformation restrictions on Jews increased Failure to convert = led Luther called to expel them from Christian lands, synagogues were burned Failure to convert = led Luther called to expel them from Christian lands, synagogues were burned  Results: Many Jews migrated to the Netherlands and Mediterranean parts of the Ottoman Empire