Unit 9: Evolution 9A Fossils FOUR Eras:

EraPeriodEpochAge (years ago) Representative Life Forms Cenozoic QuarternaryRecent Pleistocene Humans, modern plants & animals Extinction of many mammals; primitive humans; grasslands TertiaryPliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene Early humans & mammals; herbs Mammals; grasses Primates & mammals; forests Primitive horse & mammals flowering plants Mammals predominant; more modern flowering plants Mesozoic Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Extinction of giant reptiles (dinosaurs); birds & insects; flowering plants Dinosaurs dominant; primitive birds & mammals; earliest flowering plants Dinosaurs & reptiles; early mammals; primitive seed plants CHART READING: The Lily of the Valley is a flowering plant. When is the earliest that this plant could have first evolved?

EraPeriodEpochAge (years ago) Representative Life Forms Paleozoic Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Rise of insects; early reptiles Insects & amphibians; mosses & ferns Age of fishes; early emphibians; early bryophytes; ferns Club mosses; insects & other invertebrates Primitive mollusks & fish; algae Protists; sponges, jellyfish; spore- producing plants Precambrian Monera; simple protists, fungi; simple invertebrates CHART READING: What were the first organisms on Earth according to this table?

Early Earth __________ atmosphere (methane, ammonia, hydrogen, water vapor) and acid rain. Lots of __________ Solid land mass (lots of _____________ eruptions) Massive ___________ No ________ No ozone= ___ radiation ___________________ 9 A Fossils

First Life 9. A Fossils First organisms were _____________ (, ) ___________________ (did not use oxygen) __________________ (consume other organisms.) Later some evolved the ability to _______________ or ___________ Lead to change in atmosphere __________________________

Fossil Dating Relative Dating 9.A Fossils Fossils are dated by their _______________, meaning the ________ the fossil is the ______ in the ground it will be Problems? *

Fossil Dating Absolute Dating- Also called ____________________ or ______________________ _______________ decay (break down) at a predictable ________. By looking at how much of the ______________ is left, you can determine the __________ of the fossil. 9.A Fossils

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck- The Theory of USE AND DISUSE 9.B Natural Selection Traits that organisms ____ will become stronger and better and will be passed on to _____________________. Traits that are not _______ will ____________________. Problem: Traits acquired during your lifetime are NOT _________ and therefore will NOT be ______________

Charles Darwin- Natural Selection Theory 9.B Natural Selection At age 22, went on trip on the HMS Beagle. He was a naturalist and collected organisms at each stop. Stopped at the ____________Islands and studied _________________. Organisms have__________ to help them survive in their ___________ and these traits will be passed on. Published The ______of _________ in _____________________________ ______________.

1. Overproduction 9.B Natural Selection Organisms produce more offspring _______ ____________________. There is a ____________ ____________________

2. Competition 9.B Natural Selection Organisms must struggle for existence and compete for ________________: F W H M

3. Genetic Variation 9.B Natural Selection Organisms in a population have ____________________(some are helpful, some are not) that ______________________

4. Survival of the Fittest 9.B Natural Selection Organisms with _________ ______________________ Fittest doesn’t mean ____________ A fit trait is ____ always be the fittest in ____________ ______________________

5. Reproduction 9.B Natural Selection Those that survive will reproduce, ___________ _____________________________________.

6. Speciation 9.B Natural Selection After many generations a __________________; can no longer _________________________________________.

Example of Natural Selection: Antibiotic Resistance 9.B Natural Selection _______________ with species variation antibiotic = competition survival of the fittest live to __________ ______________

Types of Evolution: Convergent Evolution 9.B Natural Selection Convergent = ____________________ Organisms that are ___________________will start to ___________________________________________

Types of Evolution: Divergent Evolution 9.B Natural Selection Divergent = ____________________ Organisms that ______________start to look ____________________________________

Types of Evolution: Divergent Evolution 9.B Natural Selection _______________________can cause divergent evolution _______________________________ _____________________________if separated from one another After many generations ____________ _______________________________ _______________evolution results- the new species _________________

_________________ ___________________ (Darwin) (Gould) Rates of Evolution: _______________________ ____________in the species Interupted with short periods __________________(looks like stairs when graphed) Changes in a population happen _________________ ________________________ 9.B Natural Selection

Selective Breeding: _______________________________________ improved plant breeding purebred dogs

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Mimicry type of _____________________________ organism _________________________________ to avoid predators

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? ___________ Examples: monarch and viceroy butterflies, coral and king snake

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Camouflage ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? _______________ Examples: seahorse, cicada, peppered moths

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Homologous Structures _______________________________________

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? ___________________________ Examples: mouse and bird shrew and frog pig and lizard

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Analogous Structures results from ___________________ ____________________ Organisms evolved _____________ ____________________________

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? _____________________ Examples:Jack-in-the-Pulpit bird and insectand iris

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Vestigial Structures____________________________________

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? _____________________ Examples: human appendix whale’s leg bone cavefish eyes

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Fossils ________________________________________________

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? Embryology _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? ____________________ Examples: human and whale, chicken and turtle

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? DNA and Amino Acids _____________________ _____________________

9.C Evidence of Evolution Why is it evidence for evolution? _______________________ Examples: human and chimpanzee, chicken and pig

_________________________Divergent Evolution. Similar structure in different species because of different environments (flipper in whales= arms in humans=wings in birds) __________________________Convergent Evolution. Used for similar purposes but very different in structure. NO common ancestor ( wings in butterflies and wings in birds) __________________________Structures that organisms have that they no longer use. (appendix in humans) __________________ remains of once living organisms that are in rock. Allows scientists to compare current and ancient organisms, and gives clues about past environments. ___________- Shows that the closer related organisms have similar developmental stages _____________________________shows that closer related organisms have similar DNA sequences and produces similar proteins (more proteins in common = closer related) __________ looking like another organism that is more poisonous or dangerous than you. _______________________ looking like your environment to blend in ______________________________Bright colors or patterns to warn others that you are poisonous or should not be messed with 9.C Evidence of Evolution SUMMARY

Phylogenic Trees or Cladograms 9.C Evidence of Evolution ____________________________________________

Panthera pardus (leopard) Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) Lutra lutra (European otter) Canis familiaris (domestic dog) Canis lupus (wolf) Panthera Mephitis Lutra Canis FelidaeMustelidaeCanidae Carnivora Order Family Genus Species Phylogenic Trees or Cladograms Phenology- _______________ ________________________ Root of tree = _____________ Speciation = ______________ Different species____________ _________________________