Chapter 12 APUSH Mrs. Price “Don’t be too timid & squeamish about your actions. All life is an experiment. The more experiments you make the better.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson

Societal Changes led to Reform Movements 2 influences: 2 influences: - Romanticism: an optimistic faith in human nature; people are good human nature; people are good - Desire for order & control: nostalgia for better, simpler time; efforts to create new better, simpler time; efforts to create new institutions of social control institutions of social control

Romanticism Influences culture Influences culture Painting: Hudson River school Painting: Hudson River school Literature: Literature: - James Fenimore Cooper - Walt Whitman - Herman Melville - Edgar Allan Poe

Transcendentalists Importance of reason/emotions Importance of reason/emotions Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau Importance of Nature: source of human inspiration; interconnectedness of man & nature Importance of Nature: source of human inspiration; interconnectedness of man & nature

Utopian Communities Brook Farm ( ) Brook Farm ( ) New Harmony (1825) New Harmony (1825) Oneida (1848) Oneida (1848) Shakers (grew in 1840s) Shakers (grew in 1840s)

Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA West Roxbury, MA Everyone would share in labor Everyone would share in labor Founded by George Ripley Founded by George Ripley Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne

New Harmony Indiana Indiana Founded by Robert Owen Founded by Robert Owen Everyone was to work & live in total equality Everyone was to work & live in total equality Economic failure Economic failure

The Oneida Community New York, 1848 John Humphrey Noyes ( )  Millenarianism --> the 2 nd coming of Christ had already occurred.  Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. all residents married to each other. carefully regulated “free love.”

Shakers Founded by Mother Ann Lee Founded by Mother Ann Lee 20+ communities in NE & NW 20+ communities in NE & NW Complete celibacy Complete celibacy More women than men More women than men Gender equality Gender equality

Mormons Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Began in 1830 by Joseph Smith (NY) Began in 1830 by Joseph Smith (NY)

Mormons Smith killed at Carthage, IL (1844) Smith killed at Carthage, IL (1844) Successor: Brigham Young took followers to Utah Successor: Brigham Young took followers to Utah Attracted those who were displaced by changes Attracted those who were displaced by changes

The Mormon “Trek”

Sources of Reform Movements Divinity of the Individual Divinity of the Individual Protestant revivalism: everyone is capable of salvation Protestant revivalism: everyone is capable of salvation - Charles Finney (new form of revival) - 2 nd Great Awakening - Burned Over District (western NY – new churches formed) churches formed)

Major Reform Movements Temperance Temperance Public Education Public Education Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Indian Reservations Indian Reservations Medicine Medicine Feminism Feminism Abolitionism Abolitionism

Temperance Believed alcohol was responsible for crime, disorder & poverty Believed alcohol was responsible for crime, disorder & poverty Special burden for women Special burden for women Disagreement in movement (include beer & wine, state laws) Disagreement in movement (include beer & wine, state laws) Cultural & religious conflict: Protestants vs. Irish Catholics Cultural & religious conflict: Protestants vs. Irish Catholics

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

Public Education Interest grew in 1830s Interest grew in 1830s Horace Mann: educational reformer Horace Mann: educational reformer By 1850s: states were adopting practice of tax- supported elementary schools By 1850s: states were adopting practice of tax- supported elementary schools Access & quality varied Access & quality varied By 1861: US had one of the highest literacy rates By 1861: US had one of the highest literacy rates

Rehabilitation Creation of asylums Creation of asylums Goal: reform & rehabilitate inmates Goal: reform & rehabilitate inmates More humane treatment of mentally ill (Dorothea Dix) More humane treatment of mentally ill (Dorothea Dix)

Indian Reservations Idea emerged in 1840s & 1850s Idea emerged in 1840s & 1850s Could live in isolation Could live in isolation Could learn ways of civilization so they could live with whites Could learn ways of civilization so they could live with whites

Medicine Health fads were popular Health fads were popular Phrenology Phrenology Medical profession lagged behind Medical profession lagged behind

Feminist Movement Women played a key role in reform movements Women played a key role in reform movements Leaders: Sarah & Angelina Grimke, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Leaders: Sarah & Angelina Grimke, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Many were Quakers Many were Quakers Most began in the abolitionist movement Most began in the abolitionist movement Men resented their participation Men resented their participation

1848 Seneca Falls Convention New York New York Declaration of Sentiments & Resolutions Declaration of Sentiments & Resolutions Modeled after Declaration of Independence Modeled after Declaration of Independence Demanded the right to vote Demanded the right to vote

Abolitionism Early Efforts Early Efforts - American Colonization Society (1817): gradual manumission; sent to Africa gradual manumission; sent to Africa - Lost momentum after introduction of cotton cotton

William Lloyd Garrison 1831: Created the Liberator 1831: Created the Liberator Demanded immediate, unconditional abolition of slavery Demanded immediate, unconditional abolition of slavery Created the American Antislavery Society (1833) Created the American Antislavery Society (1833)

Black Abolitionists 250,000 free blacks in North by ,000 free blacks in North by 1850 David Walker David Walker - Free black from Boston - Published pamphlet in “Slaves should cut their masters’ throats, should kill or be killed.” should kill or be killed.”

Sojourner Truth Freed black Freed black Also involved in women’s rights movement Also involved in women’s rights movement

Frederick Douglass Escaped slave Escaped slave 1847 purchased freedom 1847 purchased freedom Created the North Star Created the North Star Wrote autobiography Wrote autobiography Demanded freedom & full social & economic equality Demanded freedom & full social & economic equality

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe Published 1852 Published 1852 Best seller in US & England Best seller in US & England Purpose: to show impact of slavery on families Purpose: to show impact of slavery on families Argument: you can’t be a Christian & a slaveholder Argument: you can’t be a Christian & a slaveholder

Reaction to Abolitionism Restrictions on abolitionist literature & mail Restrictions on abolitionist literature & mail Southerners said UTC was untrue; wrote proslavery books Southerners said UTC was untrue; wrote proslavery books Violent attacks Violent attacks Elijah Lovejoy Elijah Lovejoy