As the Industrial Revolution continued to grow and spread, new philosophies developed about how these changes affected the people in the factories and the cities and their life as a whole. New Ideas

Thomas Mallthus Population outpaces the food supply Continued population growth equals suffering for the poor Poor should have less children

David Ricardo “IRON LAW OF WAGES” High wages lead to more children More children leads to more job competition More job competition leads to lower wages Result poor cannot escape poverty

Jeremy Bentham Utilitarianism – He believed that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people Laws and actions should be judged by their utility He can see the need for some government intervention to take care of the needy, unfortunate

John Stuart Mill Chief follower of Bentham Believed in ideas of Utilitarianism Believed that the government should help improve the lives of the poor Believed in suffrage for all including women and workers+ – political cartoon next page This could lead to political power

John Stuart Mill

Socialism any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods

Utopian Socialists Upset by conditions of factories and slums Wanted to replace competition with cooperation Robert Owen Live in cooperative environments New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, IN, USA

Robert Owen Utopian society – early socialist – set up self contained communities – his was in New Lanark, Scotland and later in New Harmony, Indiana, US Believed that conditions in a community or factory should be so that they can help people shape a better life Model villages and factories Idea based on the book “Utopia” by Sir Thomas More

Socialists

Frederick Engel Wrote “The Condition of Working Class in England” in 1844 See excerpt in text on page 259 In his writings he tries to improve the fate of the working class and those living in slums Writes “The Communist Manifesto” with Marx in 1848 in England

Karl Marx Scientific Socialist – History is a class struggle between the haves and have nots The working class – Proletariat will one day rise up and defeat the bourgeoisie This will cause a world wide revolution and capitalism will be defeated Workers would then set up a classless society

Together

Capitalism vs Marxism CAPITALISM Individuals follow self interest Businesses follow own self interest and compete against another for consumer’s money Try to provide goods that are better and less expensive than competitor Market economy aims to produce the best goods at the lowest cost Government should not interfere MARXISM All great movements are result of class struggle “haves” take advantage of “have-nots” IR intensified class struggle Workers are exploited by employers State will wither away after system destroys itself

Marxism Definitions: Bourgeoisie Proletariat

3 Step Process 1. Struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat would cause revolution 2. Dictatorship of the proletariat 3. Classless society would arise (classes were the result of economic differences, once they were abolished, classless society would be the result)

Socialist Parties Political parties arose German Social Democratic Party (SPD) Marxist ideas Worked to pass laws to improve working conditions 1912 largest single party in Germany

May Day Declared “International Day of Labor” in 19 th century Bring attention to workers’ plight and for improvement Started by Second International

Division NATIONALISM--Marx believed “Working men have no country” GOALS/METHODS Pure Marxists—advocated revolution Revisionists – rejected revolution and wanted to work through political parties

UNIONS Because of terrible working conditions, factory workers joined UNIONS—a voluntary organization to help workers press for reform. Unions used COLLECTIVE BARGAINING—a union spoke for all members. Skilled workers were first to unionize—too hard for an employer to let them go. Governments and factories did not like movement. In GB, laws passed against strikes (Combination Acts) but workers persisted and unions grew. In US, several unions joined together to form AFL (Am

WOULD YOU JOIN A UNION? Why? Why Not?