It’s all about energy. Energy and its transfer controls Earth’s systems.

The ability to do work or to transfer heat

Energy All persons, places, and things have energy We can’t see energy, just the effects of energy when it is being transferred or transformed

Sources of Energy Electromagnetic- Energy from the electromagnetic spectrum Chemical - Energy released during a chemical reaction Nuclear- Energy released during radioactive decay or fusion

Electromagnetic Energy Energy that radiates from the Sun. Electromagnetic spectrum - electromagnetic rays arranged in order by wavelength. All travel at the speed of light and differ only by wavelength.

Wavelength is the distance crest to crest of a wave.

Frequency - the number of crests that pass a given point in 1 second, units of Hertz

Wave Parts

States of Energy Potential - stored energy- gasoline, snow pack, reservoir. Kinetic- Energy of motion- a car speeding down the highway, thunderstorm.

Chemical Energy Energy released during a chemical reaction. Source of energy for plants and animals.

Chemical Energy

Nuclear Fusion Atoms fuse together to form a larger atom. In stars like the sun, hydrogen atoms fuse together to form a helium atom and energy.

Nuclear Fusion Hydrogen fused into helium plus energy

Nuclear fission is the main process generating nuclear energy. Radioactive fission, where the center of a heavy element spontaneously emits a charged particle as it breaks down into a smaller nucleus, does not occur often, and happens only with the heavier elements. ctor yield heat even after fission has ceased.uclear energy. Radioactive decay of both fission products and transuranic elements formed in a reactor yield heat even after fission has ceased.

Nuclear Fission

 The splitting of an atom’s nucleus into two smaller nuclei.  Use your hands to show me how you think this reaction occurs.  (1) Start with your fingers from both hands folded together….this represents the atom’s nucleus.  (2) Separate your hands… this represents the splitting.  This occurs in the Earth’s core…to produce energy (HEAT).

Orignal Atom Radioactive decay 1 st half-life Radioactive decay 2 nd half-life Radioactive decay 3 rd half-life What pattern do you see occurring?

It’s Fairly Simple The Earth has two sources of energy, both nuclear. Radioactive decay in the core Fusion in the sun radiated to the earth in the form of electromagnetic energy

Transfer of Energy Convection - the movement of heat by currents in a heated material due to temperature or density differences. Fluids convect

Transfer of Energy Conduction -the movement of heat (energy) to an object by its direct contact with a hotter object Solids conduct

Transfer of Energy Radiation - the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves. Hot objects radiate heat.

? Conduction, Convection, and Radiation?? – ? Conduction, Convection, and Radiation?? – NEXT TIME –MINI LAB ACTIVITY

Conservation Thermodynamics

Energy is neither created or destroyed it simply changes form and moves from place to place.

Law of Thermodynamics 1st Law of Thermodynamics In accordance with the law of conservation the amount of energy going into a system has to equal the amount of work, heat and by-products coming out of the system. The conversion is not 100% efficient grass for cows, gas for cars, etc.

Law of Thermodynamics 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Heat flows from a warmer to a cooler object. You cannot increase the amount of energy and order at the same time (entropy) Think of order as the motion of atoms

Law of Thermodynamics 3rd Law of Thermodynamics Absolute zero equals absolute order. At absolute zero (-273C, -455F) atoms cease to move. No system can reach absolute zero.

So What?

These basic principles explain how earth’s systems work. Convection currents that drive plate tectonics Convection currents that drive global air circulation patterns and the weather Deep ocean currents And much more

Here’s how it works! Energy in Atoms move faster and get farther apart Temperature increases Density decreases Volume increases Pressure decreases in an open system increases in a closed Energy out Atoms move slower and get closer together Temperature decreases Density increases Volume decreases Energy Cycle

Energy in Distance: Atoms get farther apart Temperature: increases Density: decreases Volume: increases Energy out Temperature: decreases Density: increases Volume: decreases The Energy Cycle Speed: Atoms move faster Speed: Atoms move slower Distance: Atoms get closer together

Energy goes into Earth’s system one of two ways Nuclear energy: Radioactive decay in the core heats the interior of the earth. Energy (heat) is transferred to the surface causing earthquakes and volcanoes. Energy In

Energy goes into Earth’s system one of two ways Nuclear energy: Sunlight (visible light) as photons strike the Earth’s surface where they are absorbed and radiated back to the atmosphere as a longer wave length (infrared energy). This is how light is converted to heat and the cause of convection in the atmosphere. Energy In

Atoms Become excited as the added energy causes atoms to move ______ and get farther ______

Temperature Is the measure of how fast the atoms are moving The more energy put into the system the faster the atoms move and the _________ the temperature gets.

Density Density is the measure of the number of atoms in a given space. The faster the atoms move and the farther apart they get the _______ there will be in the same area.

Volume Volume is the space a set number of atoms occupy The farther apart the atoms the ____ space they take up

Pressure Pressure is the measure of the effect of atoms pushing on or impacting a given space. The more atoms pushing on a given space the _____ the pressure.

A Note on Pressure Pressure will decrease as long as the atoms are able to move freely (open system). If the atoms are contained, the pressure will increase as the atoms move faster and have _____ impacts per unit of time (closed system). Think of a tea kettle and a pot of boiling water. Tea kettle = ____________ pressure Pot = _____________ pressure

Energy out As the energized atoms come into contact (conduction) with less energized atoms they lose some of their energy to make the other atoms the same temperature.

Energy out… As energy is lost, the atoms ____ down and get ______ together Temperature _________ as the atoms slow down Density _________ and the volume _________ as the atoms move closer together

Equilibrium / Homeostasis Nature wants everything to be equal and balanced. If I put hot and cold together what happens? The energy is spread evenly until the temperature is the same throughout.

The energy cycle applies to all of Earth’s systems Convection currents in the mantle drive plate tectonics. Convection currents that form in the atmosphere drive weather patterns. Ocean currents