(c) 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Ten: Enhancing Your Cardiovascular Health

The Vascular System Refers to the blood vessels Refers to the blood vessels Arteries carry blood away from the heart Arteries carry blood away from the heart Veins carry blood back into the heart Veins carry blood back into the heart

Characteristics of the Heart 4 chambered pump (atria, ventricles) 4 chambered pump (atria, ventricles) Size of a fist Size of a fist Weighs about 1 pound Weighs about 1 pound Function - creates pressure to circulate blood throughout the body Function - creates pressure to circulate blood throughout the body Location – left center of the thorax (between lungs) Location – left center of the thorax (between lungs)

Estimated Prevalence of Major Cardiovascular Diseases Table 10-1 Hypertension58,000,000 Coronary artery disease 12,900,000 Stroke4,700,000 Rheumatic heart disease 1,800,000 Congenital heart disease 1,000,000 Congestive heart failure 4,900,000 Total83,300,000 Based on 61,800,000 subjects. Number exceeds total due to subjects having more than one condition.

Heart Beat Stimulation Signal sends impulses from brain to the heart Signal sends impulses from brain to the heart SA node (pacemaker of the heart) creates an electrical impulse SA node (pacemaker of the heart) creates an electrical impulse An electrical impulse spreads from the right side to the left (ECG) An electrical impulse spreads from the right side to the left (ECG) Electrocardiograph measures the cardiac electrical functioning Electrocardiograph measures the cardiac electrical functioning

Function of Blood Transportation of nutrients, oxygen, waste products Transportation of nutrients, oxygen, waste products Regulation of water content for cells Regulation of water content for cells Regulation of body temperature Regulation of body temperature Buffering of ph level Buffering of ph level Protection against toxins by circulating antibodies within the bloodstream Protection against toxins by circulating antibodies within the bloodstream Average person has 5 quarts of blood Average person has 5 quarts of blood

Risk Factors for Heart Disease That Cannot Be Changed Risk Factors for Heart Disease That Cannot Be Changed Age Age Male Gender Male Gender Heredity Heredity

Risk Factors for Heart Disease That Can Be Changed Tobacco Smoking Tobacco Smoking Physical inactivity Physical inactivity High cholesterol High cholesterol High blood pressure High blood pressure Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus Obesity and Overweight Obesity and Overweight Individual response to stress is a contributing factor

Forms of Cardiovascular Disease CAD (coronary artery disease) CAD (coronary artery disease) Atherosclerosis: build up of plaque on the arteries Atherosclerosis: build up of plaque on the arteries Hypertension Hypertension Stroke Stroke Congenital heart disease Congenital heart disease

Forms of Cardiovascular Disease, cont’d Peripheral vascular disease Peripheral vascular disease Congestive heart failure Congestive heart failure Rheumatic heart disease Rheumatic heart disease Valvular heart disease Valvular heart disease

Coronary Artery Disease Damage to vessels of the coronary artery Damage to vessels of the coronary artery Principal cause – atherosclerosis (narrowing of artery) Principal cause – atherosclerosis (narrowing of artery) Myocardial infarction: heart attack Myocardial infarction: heart attack C-reactive protein: marker in the blood associated with inflammation C-reactive protein: marker in the blood associated with inflammation

Coronary Artery Disease, cont’d Symptoms – shortness of breath, long-term chest pain (angina), numbness in the left side of face and arm Symptoms – shortness of breath, long-term chest pain (angina), numbness in the left side of face and arm Diagnosis – ECG, angiogram, MRI Diagnosis – ECG, angiogram, MRI Surgical Treatment – bypass, angioplasty, heart transplant Surgical Treatment – bypass, angioplasty, heart transplant Non-surgical Treatment- platelet inhibitors, aspirin, alcohol Non-surgical Treatment- platelet inhibitors, aspirin, alcohol Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is considered an emergency response for heart attack emergencies

Cholesterol Causing Atherosclerosis Soft, fat-like material that is manufactured by the liver/small intestine Soft, fat-like material that is manufactured by the liver/small intestine Necessary for hormones, cell membranes, bile, and nerve fiber formation Necessary for hormones, cell membranes, bile, and nerve fiber formation Two classifications: Two classifications: HDLs: High density lipoproteins HDLs: High density lipoproteins LDLs: Low density lipoproteins LDLs: Low density lipoproteins * See Table 10-2 for Total Cholesterol Level Classifications

Hypertension Blood pressure exceeds a systolic (pressure at contraction) over 140 mm/hg and/or a diastolic (pressure between contraction) over 90 mm/hg Blood pressure exceeds a systolic (pressure at contraction) over 140 mm/hg and/or a diastolic (pressure between contraction) over 90 mm/hg Symptoms – the “silent killer” (no symptoms) Symptoms – the “silent killer” (no symptoms) Diagnosis – regular checks of resting blood pressure (average blood pressure < 120/80) Diagnosis – regular checks of resting blood pressure (average blood pressure < 120/80) Treatment – medication, exercise, dietary changes) Treatment – medication, exercise, dietary changes) A cause of heart attacks, strokes, and kidney disease A cause of heart attacks, strokes, and kidney disease

Stroke Blockage of vessel to the brain Blockage of vessel to the brain Types – cerebrovascular occlusions, cerebral hemorrhage, aneurysm Types – cerebrovascular occlusions, cerebral hemorrhage, aneurysm Diagnosis – CAT scan, MRI Diagnosis – CAT scan, MRI Treatment – clot dissolving drug therapy (TPAs) Treatment – clot dissolving drug therapy (TPAs)

Congenital Heart Disease Abnormalities at birth due to many environmental or illness factors (i.e., underdevelopment of the heart structure) Abnormalities at birth due to many environmental or illness factors (i.e., underdevelopment of the heart structure) Treatment – possible surgery to repair malformations Treatment – possible surgery to repair malformations

Rheumatic Heart Disease Due to Rheumatic fever (via strep throat) Due to Rheumatic fever (via strep throat) Damage is at the valves of the heart Damage is at the valves of the heart Diagnosis – x-ray, echocardiogram Diagnosis – x-ray, echocardiogram Treatment – possible surgery to replace valve Treatment – possible surgery to replace valve

Congestive Heart Failure Swollen heart due to the lack of strength Swollen heart due to the lack of strength Causes – various causes from other illnesses to damaging heart to existing injury to the heart Causes – various causes from other illnesses to damaging heart to existing injury to the heart Treatment – drugs, modified lifestyle Treatment – drugs, modified lifestyle

Peripheral Vascular Disease Damage to blood vessels indirect of the heart (i.e., varicose veins, blood clots) Damage to blood vessels indirect of the heart (i.e., varicose veins, blood clots) Causes - cigarette smoking, obesity, high-fat diet, and certain occupations Causes - cigarette smoking, obesity, high-fat diet, and certain occupations Treatment – blood vessel surgery, medication, modified lifestyle Treatment – blood vessel surgery, medication, modified lifestyle

Arrhythmias Irregular beating pattern of the heart Irregular beating pattern of the heart Can result in loss of consciousness or even death Can result in loss of consciousness or even death Diagnosis: EKG Diagnosis: EKG Treatment: medication to control heart rate Treatment: medication to control heart rate Heart patterns are as follow: Heart patterns are as follow: Bradycardia: < 60 beats/min. at rest Bradycardia: < 60 beats/min. at rest Tachycardia: > 100 beats/min. at rest Tachycardia: > 100 beats/min. at rest

(c) 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Ten: Enhancing Your Cardiovascular Health