AP Biology Cells Doing Life’s Work AIM: What are cells, why are they important and how do thy do what they do?

Regents Biology CELLS: ARE THEY IMPORTANT!?

Regents Biology  What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live…  “breathe”  gas exchange: O 2 in vs. CO 2 out  eat  take in & digest food  make energy  ATP  build molecules (Synthesis)  proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids  remove wastes (Excretion)  control internal conditions ( Homeostasis)  respond to external environment  build more cells (Reproduction)  growth, repair, reproduction & development The Work of Life ATP

Regents Biology Cell Theory 1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. 3. All cells arise from previously existing cells.

Regents Biology Organelles: (means “little organs”)  Organelles do the work of cells  each structure has a job to do  keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive Model Animal Cell They’re like mini-organs!

Regents Biology HISTORY OF THE CELL:  The study of cells is called cytology.  Robert Hooke was the first scientist to use the word cell after observing cork cells in 1665!  Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in  Theodor Schwann discovered that animals were made of cells in 1838.

Regents Biology What instrument led to the development of the cell theory? *Microscope*

Regents Biology Regents Question It was once thought that decaying meat turned into maggots (fly larvae). Careful experimentation by scientists demonstrated that maggots actually come from fly eggs and not meat. These experiments illustrate that new individuals result only from (1) reproduction and development (2) genetic engineering (3) nutrition and replication (4) metabolic homeostasis

Regents Biology Regents Answer (1) reproduction and development

Regents Biology Regents Question In a cell, all organelles work together to carry out 1)diffusion 2)active transport 3)information storage 4)metabolic processes Hint: Which one is necessary for life???

Regents Biology Regents Question (4) metabolic processes

Regents Biology Bacterial cells Types of cells animal cells plant cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes VS.

Regents Biology Cell size comparison Bacterial cell Animal cell  micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter  diameter of human hair = ~20 microns most prokaryotes (bacteria)  1-10 microns eukaryotic cells  microns

Regents Biology Cell Types Eukaryotic: Contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. Rod shaped chromosomes Found in all kingdoms except the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Prokaryotic: Does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles. One circular chromosome Found only in the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Kingdoms

Regents Biology Eukaryotic Example

Regents Biology Prokaryotic Examples Bacteria

Regents Biology Types of Organisms 1. One celled organisms (unicellular) are able to carry on all of the life functions. Amoeba Paramecium

Regents Biology 3. Multicellular Organisms  Can consist of hundreds of thousands of cells that must be specialized to carry out specific functions (Differentiation).

Regents Biology Regents Question Which statement best compares a multicellular organism to a single-celled organism? (1) A multicellular organism has organ systems that interact to carry out life functions, while a single-celled organism carries out life functions without using organ systems. (2) A single-celled organism carries out fewer life functions than each cell of a multicellular organism. (3) A multicellular organism always obtains energy through a process that is different from that used by a single-celled organism. (4) The cell of a single-celled organism is always much larger than an individual cell of a multicellular organism.

Regents Biology Regents Answer (1) A multicellular organism has organ systems that interact to carry out life functions, while a single-celled organism carries out life functions without using organ systems.

Regents Biology Aim: How are living things organized? HW: Organization of an organ system worksheet Do Now: Working with the person next to you, describe how a writer builds a book, starting with one letter!

Regents Biology How are stories built? Letters Letters Words Words Sentences Sentences Paragraph Paragraph Pages Pages Chapters Chapters Stories Stories

Regents Biology Why study cells?  bodies are made up of cells

Regents Biology Levels of Organization 1. Cell – the basic unit of structure and function. The Building Blocks of Life!  In most multicellular organisms, cells become specialized (differentiation).

Regents Biology

Levels of Organization 2. Tissue – a group of cells that are structurally similar and perform the same function.

Regents Biology

3. Organ – a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

Regents Biology 4. Organ System – a group of organs working together to perform a specific function

Regents Biology Levels of Organization CC ELLS GROUP TOGETHER TO FORM TISSUES TT ISSUES GROUP TOGETHER TO FORM ORGANS OO RGANS GROUP TOGETHER TO FORM ORGAN SYSTEMS OO RGAN SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER TO MAKE AN ORGANISM Muscle cellSmooth muscle tissueStomachDigestive system

Regents Biology Regents Question The levels of organization for structure and function in the human body from least complex to most complex are 1) systems → organs → tissues → cells 2) cells → organs → tissues → systems 3) tissues → systems → cells → organs 4) cells → tissues → organs → systems

Regents Biology Regents Answer 4) cells → tissues → organs → systems

Regents Biology WITH YOUR “FRIEND”: 1.Make an analogy of the organization of organisms to anything you want. 2.Explain your analogy by drawing a picture, writing a story using the various levels of organization for names of characters, or making up a song, poem, rhyme, or rap. ****Be sure to include all of the following words: Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organism

Regents Biology Example:  A computer: like an organism  All portions of the computer that work together to type words makeup one of the organ systems. It is comprised of the keyboard, the processor that puts the letters on the screen, font and size selection, etc  The keyboard: like one organ in the system  Function keys, letter keys, number keys: all like different tissues within the organ  The s key: like a cell within the letter keys tissue

Regents Biology Exit ticket :  On a half of a piece of paper (share with a friend to conserve), write:  1. 2 things you learned today  2. A question you have after today’s lesson

Regents Biology Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells mitochondria chloroplast

Regents Biology  Cells have 3 main jobs  make energy  need energy for all activities  need to clean up waste produced while making energy  make proteins  proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them  make more cells  for growth  to replace damaged or diseased cells The Jobs of Cells Our organelles do all these jobs!

Regents Biology 1. Cells need power!  Making energy  to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…  take in food & digest it  take in oxygen (O 2 )  make ATP  remove waste  organelles that do this work…  cell membrane  lysosomes  vacuoles & vesicles  mitochondria ATP

Regents Biology  Function  separates cell from outside  controls what enters or leaves cell  O 2, CO 2, food, H 2 O, nutrients, waste  recognizes signals from other cells  allows communication between cells  Structure  double layer of fat  phospholipid bilayer  receptor molecules  proteins Cell membrane lipid “tail” phosphate “head”

Regents Biology cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place

Regents Biology Vacuoles & vesicles  Function  moving material around cell  storage  Structure  membrane sac small food particle vesicle vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes vesicle filled w/ digested nutrients

Regents Biology Food & water storage plant cells contractile vacuole animal cells central vacuole food vacuole

Regents Biology cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage

Regents Biology Lysosomes small food particle vacuole digesting food lysosomes  Function  digest food  used to make energy  clean up & recycle  digest broken organelles  Structure  membrane sac of digestive enzymes digesting broken organelles

Regents Biology A Job for Lysosomes 15 weeks 6 weeks

Regents Biology lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage

Regents Biology  Function  make ATP energy from cellular respiration  sugar + O 2  ATP  fuels the work of life  Structure  double membrane Mitochondria in both animal & plant cells ATP

Regents Biology lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2

Regents Biology  Mitochondria  make energy from sugar + O 2  cellular respiration  sugar + O 2  ATP  Chloroplasts  make energy + sugar from sunlight  photosynthesis  sunlight + CO 2  ATP & sugar  ATP = active energy  sugar = stored energy build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars Plants make energy two ways! ATP sugar ATP

Regents Biology central vacuole  storage: food, water or waste mitochondria  make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast  make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome  digestion & clean up cell wall  support cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material around organelles

Regents Biology 2. Cells need workers = proteins!  Making proteins  to run daily life & growth, the cell must…  read genes (DNA)  build proteins  structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)  enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)  signals (hormones) & receptors  organelles that do this work…  nucleus  ribosomes  endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Golgi apparatus

Regents Biology Proteins do all the work! cellsDNAproteins one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! signals structural enzymes receptors

Regents Biology Nucleus  Function  control center of cell  protects DNA  instructions for building proteins  Structure  nuclear membrane  nucleolus  ribosome factory  chromosomes  DNA

Regents Biology cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell chromosomes  DNA lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling nucleolus  produces ribosomes

Regents Biology Ribosomes on ER Ribosomes  Function  protein factories  read instructions to build proteins from DNA  Structure  some free in cytoplasm  some attached to ER

Regents Biology cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell ribosomes  build proteins nucleolus  produces ribosomes lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling

Regents Biology  Function  works on proteins  helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them  makes membranes  Structure  rough ER  ribosomes attached  works on proteins  smooth ER  makes membranes Endoplasmic Reticulum

Regents Biology lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell ribosomes  builds proteins ER  works on proteins  makes membranes

Regents Biology transport vesicles vesicles carrying proteins  Function  finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins  like UPS headquarters  shipping & receiving department  ships proteins in vesicles  “UPS trucks”  Structure  membrane sacs Golgi Apparatus

Regents Biology cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell ribosomes  builds proteins ER  helps finish proteins  makes membranes Golgi apparatus  finishes, packages & ships proteins lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling

Regents Biology DNA RNA ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum vesicle Golgi apparatus vesicle protein on its way! protein finished protein Making Proteins TO: nucleus

Regents Biology central vacuole  storage: food, water or waste mitochondria  make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast  make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell wall  support cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals Golgi apparatus  finish & ship proteins nucleus  control cell  protects DNA endoplasmic reticulum  processes proteins  makes membranes lysosome  digestion & clean up ribosomes  make proteins cytoplasm  jelly-like material around organelles nucleolus  make ribosomes

Regents Biology 3. Cells need to make more cells!  Making more cells  to replace, repair & grow, the cell must…  copy their DNA  make extra organelles  divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells  organelles that do this work…  nucleus  centrioles

Regents Biology Centrioles  Function  help coordinate cell division  only in animal cells  Structure  one pair in each cell

Regents Biology cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell ribosomes  builds proteins ER  helps finish proteins  makes membranes Golgi apparatus  finishes, packages & ships proteins lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage centrioles  cell division

Regents Biology  Cells have 3 main jobs  make energy  need food + O 2  cellular respiration & photosynthesis  need to remove wastes  make proteins  need instructions from DNA  need to chain together amino acids & “finish” & “ship” the protein  make more cells  need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells Cell Summary Our organelles do all those jobs!

AP Biology That’s my cellular story… Any Questions?

Regents Biology