Wasilla High School

 Transport of nutrients, gases and waste  Transport of processed molecules like lactic acid  Transport of regulatory molecules like hormones and enzymes  Regulation of blood pH and osmosis  Maintain body temperature  Protection against foreign substances and disease  Clot formation

 Plasma – 55%  Formed elements– 45% ◦ Platelets ◦ White blood cells ◦ Red blood cells

 Liquid portion of the blood  Pale yellow fluid  91% water, 7% protein, 2% other dissolved substances  Albumin and globulins are the primary types of plasma proteins ◦ Albumin is responsible for maintaining the movement of water from tissues and the blood ◦ Globulins are involved with the immune system and help keep you from getting sick

 Hematopoiesis: process of blood cell production  Occurs in red bone marrow ◦ Confined to ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, proximal femur and proximal humerus ◦ As adults, yellow marrow replaces red in all other bone locations  Blood stem cells are called hemocytoblasts ◦ Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone responsible for stimulating the formation of red blood cells from hemocytoblasts

 Also called erythrocytes  Men have 5.4 million cells per microliter  Women have 4.8 million cells per microliter  Shaped into concave discs  1/3 of the cell’s volume is made of the protein hemoglobin ◦ Responsible for the pigmentation of blood ◦ Hemoglobin binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide  Process of making new blood cells is erythropoiesis

 Granulocytes ◦ Neutrophil – phagocytizes microorganisms ◦ Eosinophil – Attacks parasites by releasing chemical warfare that causes inflammation ◦ Basophil – Release histamine, promotes inflammation and heparin (prevents clot formation)  Agranulocytes ◦ Lymphocyte – produce antibodies, regulate immune system, tumor control ◦ Monocyte – phagocytic cells in the blood  When they leave the blood they are called a macrophage: eat bacteria, dead cells, debris bad stuff

 RBC reject stain (look round and red)  WBC absorb stain and look purple

 Fragmented cells that are involved in blood clotting  Also called thrombocytes

 The stoppage of bleeding  Multistep Process 1.Vascular spasm – constriction of blood vessels at the site of injury 2.Platelets accumulate and form a platelet plug that helps stops bleeding by sealing small breaks 3.Coagulation = blood clotting. This happens when protein fibers called fibrin begin catching blood cells, platelets and fluid and form a matrix.

 Antigens = the surface of the blood cells are covered in messengers  Antibodies = proteins located in the plasma that are very specific ◦ Look for foreign invaders to surround and neutralize  Antigens and antibodies fit together. If they fit together, they form mini-clots called agglutination

Blood TypeType of Antigens on the Blood Cells Type of Antibodies in the Plasma AA onlyAnti-B only BB onlyAnti-A only ABA and BNone O Anti-A and Anti-B Blood TypeCan ReceiveCan Donate To AA or OA or AB BB or OB or AB ABA, B, AB or OAB only OO onlyA, B, AB or O

 First studied in Rhesus monkeys  Also known as the D antigen  88% of Americans are Rh+  Rarest combination in the world is AB- (occurs in less than 1% of the population)