Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 16 The Reproductive System

How much do you already know??? Put the terms under the correct spot Male Female Both Testes Ovaries Gonads Egg Sperm Vas deferens epididymis urethra prostate Uterus Fallopian Tube Fimbrae acrosome oocyte cervix Vasectomy gametogenesis

How did you do??? MALEBOTHFEMALE Testes Sperm Vas deferens Epididymis Prostate vasectomy Gonads Urethra gametogenesis Ovaries Egg Uterus Fallopian tube Fimbrae Oocyte cervix

The Reproductive System Slide 16.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gonads – ovaries & testes  primary sex organs  produce and sustain gametes (sex cells- sperm and egg/ovum)  secrete hormones

Male Reproductive System Slide 16.2c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.2 Symphysis pubis Vas Deferens penis

Male Reproductive System Slide 16.2a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gonads- testes- exocrine- sperm and endocrine- testosterone  Accessory organs-  Epididymis- maturation (~20 days) and storage of sperm; highly coiled tube (6m long)  Vas deferens- transport sperm in semen from epididymis to urethra by peristalsis  Accessory organs-  Epididymis- maturation (~20 days) and storage of sperm; highly coiled tube (6m long)  Vas deferens- transport sperm in semen from epididymis to urethra by peristalsis

Male Reproductive System Slide 16.2b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Accessory organs- Production of semen  Seminal vesicle- produces alkaline fluid, fructose, vitamin C, prostaglandins (nourish & activate sperm)  Bulbourethral gland- lubricating fluid, mucus, (1 st to leave to cleanse urethra)  Prostate gland-enhances motility, neutralizes vaginal acidity; encirlces upper urethra  Accessory organs- Production of semen  Seminal vesicle- produces alkaline fluid, fructose, vitamin C, prostaglandins (nourish & activate sperm)  Bulbourethral gland- lubricating fluid, mucus, (1 st to leave to cleanse urethra)  Prostate gland-enhances motility, neutralizes vaginal acidity; encirlces upper urethra Others: penis, scrotum, urethra

Female Reproductive System Slide 16.21b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.8a

Female Reproductive System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gonads- ovaries- maturation of follicles/ oocytes, secrete estrogen/progesterone  Accessory organs-  Uterus- embryo/fetus during pregnancy  Endometrium- 3 layer lining of uterus, lost during menstruation, implantation of fert egg  Cervix- opening of uterus, birth canal  Accessory organs-  Uterus- embryo/fetus during pregnancy  Endometrium- 3 layer lining of uterus, lost during menstruation, implantation of fert egg  Cervix- opening of uterus, birth canal

Female Reproductive System Slide 16.28b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.8b

Female Reproductive System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Fallopian tubes/oviducts/uterine tubes  Fimbriae- sweep oocyte into fallopian tube  Receive ovulated oocyte (potential ovum)  fertilization  Fallopian tubes/oviducts/uterine tubes  Fimbriae- sweep oocyte into fallopian tube  Receive ovulated oocyte (potential ovum)  fertilization

A E D C B F

A F E D C B G

Meiosis: In gonads, 2 successive divisions of nucleus, results in four cells : Gametes: haploid (n) Diploid: zygote (2n) Haploid (monoploid): 1 copy of chromosomes Phases: Meiosis1 = IPMAT Meiosis 2 (PMAT) (no I so no doubling of chromosomes) Gametes: haploid (n) Diploid: zygote (2n) Haploid (monoploid): 1 copy of chromosomes Phases: Meiosis1 = IPMAT Meiosis 2 (PMAT) (no I so no doubling of chromosomes)

Meiosis Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gametes  Haploid Zygote Diploid

Meiosis

Meiosis Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis or oogenesis)

Spermatogenesis Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.3

Spermatogenesis Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Production of sperm cells in seminiferous tubules of testes  Begins at puberty and continues throughout life  Production of sperm cells in seminiferous tubules of testes  Begins at puberty and continues throughout life  Sperm then travel to the epididymis to mature  Interstitial cells of testes produce testosterone  Sperm then travel to the epididymis to mature  Interstitial cells of testes produce testosterone

Spermatogenesis Why? – makes sperm (millions per day!) When? - begins after puberty Where? – seminiferous tubules of the testes How? – meiosis Start  1. Spermatogonium (2n) germ cell) 2. Primary Spermatocyte (2n) (through Meiosis 1) 3. Secondary Spermatocyte (n) (result of Meiosis 1) 4. Four Spermatids (n) (result of Meiosis 2) 5. Four Total Sperm (n) – will travel to epididymis

Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Primitive stem cell Type B daughter cell, undergoes meiosis Results of meiosis II, gamete Results of Meiosis I Sperm; travels to epididiymis

Spermatogenesis

Sperm/Spermatozoa: Mature Sperm Cell has head, midpiece, & tail Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.5 (DNA)

Interstitial cells of testes: Regulation of Male Androgens (Sex Hormones) Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.6 ICSH

Oogenesis Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.7 Why? – makes eggs When? – all eggs formed before birth, but are released from the ovaries from puberty until menopause (50’s) Where? – Follicles of Ovaries How? - Meiosis Start  1. Oogonium (2n) (in primary follicle) (germ cell) 2. Primary Oocyte (2n) (arrested in this stage until puberty) 3. Secondary Oocyte (n) (this is ovulated!) 4. Ootid (egg)+ Polar Bodies If fertilized in fallopian tube becomes finsihed egg disintegrate

Ovaries Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.7 Primordial follicles oogonium Primary oocyte Secondary Oocyte only develop into “eggs” in fallopian tube if sperm fertilizes it!

Oogenesis Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fertilization Zygote formed

Menstrualcycle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Corpus albicans follicular luteal proliferativemensessecretory

Graafian Follicle Spike in LH to simulate ovulation Ovulation (day 14) Corpus albicans Corpus luteum Spike progesterone in case of preg. Made by corpus luteum. Menses (day 1-5) Secretory phase – thickest endometrium Proliferative Phase – endometrium thickens

Prevention of Pregnancy-Birth Control Slide 16.6b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Birth Control Slide 16.6b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Birth Control Slide 16.6b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Disorders- Imbalances & Practical Applications Slide 16.6b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cancers  Cervical/uterine- cuased by HPV; diagnosed by PAP smear  Prostate cancer- digital rectal exam; blood test; biopsy  Testicular Cancer- self exam; ultrasound; blood test; rare biopsy

Imbalances & Practical Applications Slide 16.6b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Vasectomy- vas deferens surgically blocked  Hysterectomy- surgical removal of uterus, ovaries, or both  Tubal ligation -fallopian tubes surgically blocked

Imbalances & Practical Applications Slide 16.6b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Inguinal hernia- muscle in groin tears away from wall  PMS- hormonal fluctuations just before menses

Imbalances & Practical Applications Slide 16.6b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Menopause- cessation of menstruation  Endometriosis- endometrial tissue does not grow properly in uterus