By Noushin Tabassum

 Innate behavior is inherited from parents and so develops independently of the environment.

 Autonomic and involuntary responses are referred to as reflexes  Reflexes are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Reflex arcs comprise the neurons that mediate reflexes.  A reflex arc is composed of a receptor cell, a sensory neuron, a relay neuron in the spinal cord, and a motor neuron, which carries the message to the effector(muscle).

Reflex conditioning involves forming new associations.

Learned behavior develops as a result of experience. Learned behavior can be defined as the process of gaining new knowledge or skills. Innate behaviorLearned behavior Independently of environmental contextDependent of environmental Controlled by genesNot controlled by genes Inherited from parentsNot inherited from parents Developed as a result to natural selectionDeveloped as a result of experience Increases chance of survival and reproduction May or may no increase the chance of survival and reproduction.

 Imprinting is learning at a particular life stage and is independent of the consequences of behavior.

 Operant conditioning is a form of learning that consists of trial and error experiences.

 Learning is the acquisition of skill or knowledge.

 Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and accessing information. Encoding Visual encoding Elaborative encoding Acoustic encoding Sensation encoding Semantic encoding Storage Allows us to maintain the knowledge gained for a certain period of time. Increased number of neuron signals, the synaptic connection increases. If something is forgotten the synaptic connection has become weakened. Accessing Short-term memory Long-term memory Two main methods of accessing memories are recognition and recall.

 Some neurotransmitter s excite nerve impulses in postsynaptic neurons, and others inhibit them.  Excitatory neurotransmitter.  Increase the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to positive ions  Acetylcholine  Inhibitory Neurotransmitter  Inhibitory neurotransmitter bind to specific receptors  GABA

 Many different slow-acting neurotransmitters modulate fast synaptic transmission in the brain.  Fast-acting which have an effect on the target cell within 1 millisecond or 1 minute.  Slow-acting which can have an effect on the target cell in hundred of millisecond or 1 minute.  Slow acting molecules includes dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine.

Memory and learning involve changes in neurons caused by slow acting neurotransmitter. Puff of serotonin to aplysia Causes the influx of ca in to the presynaptic neuron Increase of cAMP which is a secondary messenger PKA is activated Enhances NT release Results in short- terming learning.

Memory Five puffs of serotonin was give to the Aplysia. Received by a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane. G-protein attaches to a receptor Memory G-protein activates and stimulates the adrenal cyclase enzyme. ATP moclues located in the cell to cAMP. This activates PKA. Memory This signal reaches the nucleus and modify the shape of the synapse. Proteins travel out of the nucleus and modify the shape of the synapse. This creates a long-lasting change in the synapse.

 Psychoactive drugs affect the brain by either increasing or decreasing postsynaptic transmission.  Block The receptor for a neurotransmitter  Enhance the release of a neurotransmitter  Enhance neurotransmission by mimicking a neurotransmitter.

 Anesthetics act by interfering with neural transmission between areas of the sensory perception and the CNS.

Stimulants drugs that mimic the stimulation provided by the synaptic nervous system Nicotine is a stimulant that mimics acetylcholine Acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme acetyclolinestrase, but the enzyme cannot it down because the nicotine binds to the same receptor. This excites the postsynaptic neuron causing it to release dopamine.

Cocaine stimulates transmission at adrenergic synapses. Leads to the buildup of dopamine in the synapse Causes euphoria.

 Addiction can be affected by genetic predisposition, social environment, and dopamine secretion.  Dopamine receptors are constantly stimulated.  Overstimulation leads to the number receptors to become less sensitive.

 Ethology is the study of animal behavior in natural conditions.  In ethology the subjects are affected by their activities as little as possible.  Psychologist adopt an experimental laboratory approach.

 Natural selection can change the frequency of observed animal behavior  European blackcaps.

 Behavior that increases the chances of survival and reproduction will become more prevalent in a population.  Blood sharing in Vampire bats (Altruistic behavior) 

Recent studies have shown that the learning this behavior has been lost because, the style of container and delivery method. Blue tits travel in flocks while the robins travel alone so this behavior could be social. When the dairy industry started to put caps on the milk bottles the blue tits learned how to remove the cap compared to European robin. Blue tits would suck the cream form the top of the bottle. Learned behavior can spread through a population or be lost from it more rapidly then innate behavior.

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