Head Face & Brain Injuries

Head Injures Head injury-damage to the scalp, skull or brain due to a blow Head injury-damage to the scalp, skull or brain due to a blow Two parts of the head Two parts of the head Face- eyes, ears, nose and jaw Face- eyes, ears, nose and jaw Cranium- brain and spinal cord Cranium- brain and spinal cord

Face Bones There are 9 facial bones There are 9 facial bones

Cranial bones There are 6 bones that make up the cranium There are 6 bones that make up the cranium

The eye Sclera-white of eye Sclera-white of eye Cornea-circular clear area over sclera Cornea-circular clear area over sclera Pupil-opening in iris that permits passage of light Pupil-opening in iris that permits passage of light Lens-crystalline structure behind iris and pupil Lens-crystalline structure behind iris and pupil

Eye injuries Corneal abrasion- a scratch or small cut of the cornea of the eye Corneal abrasion- a scratch or small cut of the cornea of the eye Treatment Treatment Wash eye with eye wash Wash eye with eye wash Close eye and let natural lubricants wash it Close eye and let natural lubricants wash it Cover and send to Dr. Cover and send to Dr.

Eye injuries Contusion to the orbit Contusion to the orbit Black eye is a minor injury Black eye is a minor injury Swelling and bruising may occur Swelling and bruising may occur

Eye injuries Orbital blow out Fracture- fracture to the bones of the eye socket. Orbital blow out Fracture- fracture to the bones of the eye socket. Blow is due to something larger than the eye socket. Blow is due to something larger than the eye socket. Swelling, tenderness and double vision (diplopia) may occur. Swelling, tenderness and double vision (diplopia) may occur. Pain with eye movement Pain with eye movement may occur. may occur.

Eye Injuries Conjunctivitis- also known as pink eye Conjunctivitis- also known as pink eye Inflammation of the conjunctiva which is outer later of eye over sclera. Inflammation of the conjunctiva which is outer later of eye over sclera. Three types viral allergic and bacterial Three types viral allergic and bacterial Itchy eyes that feel like sand is in them and redness. Discharge occurs after 2-3 days Itchy eyes that feel like sand is in them and redness. Discharge occurs after 2-3 days Medical treatment is necessary Medical treatment is necessary

The Ear Ear is the organ of hearing and balance Ear is the organ of hearing and balance Three parts to the ear outer, middle and inner. Three parts to the ear outer, middle and inner.

Middle ear Ossicles are the bones in the middle ear that conduct sound to the inner ear. Ossicles are the bones in the middle ear that conduct sound to the inner ear. Malleus-hammer Malleus-hammer Incus- anvil Incus- anvil Stapes- stirrup Stapes- stirrup

Ear injuries Cauliflower ear- Blood clot collects between the outer cartilage and the skin. Cauliflower ear- Blood clot collects between the outer cartilage and the skin. Typical in wrestlers and boxers who get repeated trauma to ear. Typical in wrestlers and boxers who get repeated trauma to ear. Treat with drainage and Treat with drainage and compression of cartilage compression of cartilageskin.

Ear injuries Swimmer’s ear-infection of skin covering the outer ear canal, bacterial infection. Swimmer’s ear-infection of skin covering the outer ear canal, bacterial infection. Signs of infection may include itchy ear, swelling in canal and face as well as pain with movement. Signs of infection may include itchy ear, swelling in canal and face as well as pain with movement. Ear plugs while swimming should solve the problem. Ear plugs while swimming should solve the problem.

Ear Injuries Eardrum Rupture- Tympanic membrane rupture caused by a blow to the head or build up of fluid in middle ear. Eardrum Rupture- Tympanic membrane rupture caused by a blow to the head or build up of fluid in middle ear. Pain and drainage occur Pain and drainage occur Antibiotics for infection, Antibiotics for infection, otherwise the eardrum heals otherwise the eardrum heals on its own in 1-2 weeks on its own in 1-2 weeks

The nose The nose is composed of bone, cartilage and skin The nose is composed of bone, cartilage and skin Smell accounts for 90% of what we taste Smell accounts for 90% of what we taste

Nose Injuries Epistaxis- nose bleed Epistaxis- nose bleed Anterior nose bleed is due to dryness or trauma Anterior nose bleed is due to dryness or trauma Treatment Treatment Squeeze nose at soft point while leaning forward Squeeze nose at soft point while leaning forward Ice if bleeding is slow to stop Ice if bleeding is slow to stop

Nose Injuries Nasal Fracture- nasal bone fracture can result in deformity, swelling or laceration. Nasal Fracture- nasal bone fracture can result in deformity, swelling or laceration. Ice and referral to physician are needed. Ice and referral to physician are needed.

Mouth and Jaw Mouth is composed of tongue, teeth, lips and cheeks Mouth is composed of tongue, teeth, lips and cheeks Jaw is composed of maxilla, mandible and temporalmandibular joint (TMJ). Jaw is composed of maxilla, mandible and temporalmandibular joint (TMJ).

Jaw Fracture Mandible fracture is usually due to trauma of some kind. Mandible fracture is usually due to trauma of some kind. 50% of the time there is fx at site of blow as well as near one of the condyles. 50% of the time there is fx at site of blow as well as near one of the condyles. Sx include deformity Sx include deformity pain and numbness pain and numbness Treatment may include Treatment may include a wired jaw a wired jaw

Temporomandibular Joint Injury TMJ is the joint that allows the mouth to open and close. TMJ is the joint that allows the mouth to open and close. Injury can be due to direct trauma, muscle or postural imbalance. Injury can be due to direct trauma, muscle or postural imbalance.

Temporomandibular Joint Injury The TMJ can be dislocated or sprained. This will result in tenderness, swelling, popping and pain with use. The TMJ can be dislocated or sprained. This will result in tenderness, swelling, popping and pain with use. TMJ disfunction is another problem that may occur. This pain may be in the TMJ and also other regions of the head. TMJ disfunction is another problem that may occur. This pain may be in the TMJ and also other regions of the head. TMJ disfunction can result from microtauma like grinding or macrotrauma like whiplash. TMJ disfunction can result from microtauma like grinding or macrotrauma like whiplash.

Teeth 5 million teeth are knock out in sports activities each year. Mouth guards prevent thousands more from happening. 5 million teeth are knock out in sports activities each year. Mouth guards prevent thousands more from happening. Athletes will have loose, chipped or knockout teeth. Athletes will have loose, chipped or knockout teeth.

Teeth Treatment for knock out tooth Treatment for knock out tooth If the tooth is still in at all have the athlete push into socket as much as possible and go to dentist. If the tooth is still in at all have the athlete push into socket as much as possible and go to dentist. If tooth is out place tooth If tooth is out place tooth in save-a-tooth solution, in save-a-tooth solution, whole milk or a moist whole milk or a moist sterile gauze and go to sterile gauze and go to dentist. dentist.

The Head Frontal Bone Frontal Bone Very strong Very strong Makes the forehead Makes the forehead

The Head Temporal Bone Temporal Bone

The head Parietal Bone-largest bone of the cranium Parietal Bone-largest bone of the cranium Sutures- immovable joints between each of the cranial bones Sutures- immovable joints between each of the cranial bones

The head Occipital Bone Occipital Bone Most posterior Most posterior Spinal cord passes Spinal cord passes through it at the through it at the foramen magnum foramen magnum

The Brain Brain consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brainstem Brain consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brainstem

Parts of the Brain Brainstem- lowest part of the brain, junction box between the upper brain and spinal cord. Brainstem- lowest part of the brain, junction box between the upper brain and spinal cord.

Parts of the Brain Cerebellum-the part of the brain that controls muscular action and complex actions. Cerebellum-the part of the brain that controls muscular action and complex actions. Latin for little brain Latin for little brain

Parts of the Brain Cerebrum- the seat of higher thinking. Cerebrum- the seat of higher thinking. Divided into 2 hemispheres Divided into 2 hemispheres 4 lobes 4 lobes

Scalp injuries The scalp is highly vascularized, and bleeds profusely. The scalp is highly vascularized, and bleeds profusely. Bleeding between scalp and underlying tissue will result in a hematoma. Bleeding between scalp and underlying tissue will result in a hematoma.

Hemorrhage Subdural hematoma-bleeding between the brain and dura mater. It may be slow venous bleeding or rapid arterial. Subdural hematoma-bleeding between the brain and dura mater. It may be slow venous bleeding or rapid arterial.

Hemorrhage Epidural hematoma- bleeding between the skull and dura mater. Quick within minutes to hours. Epidural hematoma- bleeding between the skull and dura mater. Quick within minutes to hours.

Hemorrhage Intracranial hematoma- pooling of blood due to damage of blood vessels within the brain. Intracranial hematoma- pooling of blood due to damage of blood vessels within the brain.