Jeffersonian Era Part I: Marshall and Jefferson

Warm Up  Where was the first colony in the New World located?  __________ negotiated a treaty with __________ that helped lead to American victory in the Revolutionary War.  Who wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom? What was its purpose?  What were the first two political parties?

Completely Useless Information The king of hearts is the only king without a moustache on a standard playing card. A lightning bolt generates temperatures five times hotter than those found at the sun's surface. More people use blue toothbrushes than red ones.

Election of 1800 Jefferson and Adams ran again (President vs. Vice President). Jefferson wins - the first time in an American presidential election that power was peacefully transferred from one party to another.

The Marshall Court Judiciary Act of 1789: o Established a Supreme Court with a chief justice and five associate justices (now eight). o Established federal circuit courts and federal district courts under the Supreme Court. o Allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court on constitutional issues-Constitution is the “supreme law of the land.” John Marshall-appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1801 by President Adams, served until Marshall was an ardent Federalist.

The Marshall Court The court’s decisions under Marshall ultimately strengthened the Supreme Court and the federal government. Judiciary Act of 1801-increased the number of federal judges. o Before leaving office, Adams filled most of these new positions with federalists (midnight judges). o Strengthens Federalist control of the judicial branch. Democratic-Republicans repeal and fire the Midnight Judges. o Marshall and Jefferson were political enemies.

Early Landmark Cases Marbury v. Madison (1803) William Marbury was a midnight judge who never received his commission from the Jefferson administration. Sued the government and lost. Marshall determined that the law requiring the Supreme Court to act was unconstitutional. This case affirmed the principal of judicial review - the ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. McCulloch v. Maryland (1817) Maryland heavily taxed the local Bank of the United Sates. Marshall denied the right of Maryland to tax the Bank – “the power to tax is the power to destroy.” Prohibited states from taxing agencies of the federal government. Helped to strengthen the federal government. Significance – Government has implied powers – national law was given precedence over state law.

Early Landmark Cases These early landmark cases brought before the Marshall Court established the importance of the Supreme Court in the American system and the role of the judicial branch in settling disagreements between levels and branches of government and competing business interests. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Gave Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce (trade between two different states). Further increased the power of the federal government. Established a national view regarding economic affairs.

President Thomas Jefferson Elected the third president of the United States in Kept some Federalist policies: o National Bank o Debt repayment plan o Neutral foreign policy New Jeffersonian Democratic- Republican policies: o Reduce the size of federal government and attempted to balance the budget o Reduce the size of the military

Sucker Foot Bat

Louisiana Purchase France obtained land west of the Mississippi River from Spain, but Napoleon did not want to keep it. o Wanted to concentrate resources in Europe to fight the Napoleonic Wars. “This accession of territory affirms forever the power of the United States, and I have given England a maritime rival who sooner or later will humble her pride.”-Napoleon

Louisiana Purchase Jefferson feared that a strong French presence in North America would force the United States into an alliance with Britain. Napoleon offered to sell all of the Louisiana Territory for $15 million and the United States accepted. Impact: Doubled the size of the United States. New territory strengthened Jefferson’s vision of an agricultural nation. Weakened the Federalists, who opposed the treaty.

Louisiana Purchase Jefferson had doubts about the constitutionality of the purchase: -His belief in strict interpretation of the Constitution did not allow the president to acquire foreign land. -Forced to use a loose interpretation to justify. The Louisiana Territory was poorly defined, so Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the new territory west of the Mississippi River. o Followed the Missouri and Columbia Rivers to the Pacific Ocean, gathering geographic and scientific evidence along the way. o Sacajawea, a female Native American guide, served as their guide and translator