Reason and result

We use because, as and since when we want to explain the reason for something. As and since are more common in formal speech and writing. Tim didn 't feel well, because he had eaten fift een ice-creams. As/since Tim had eaten fi ft een ice-creams, he d idn't f eel very well

As and since can come at the beginn in g of th e sentence. Norm ally we do not begin sentences with because, but this is possib le in inf or mal speech. Because Tim had eaten fifteen ice-creams, he did n 't f eel very well. We use so to express a result. Note the relation between because and so. Tim had eaten fi ftee n ice-creams, so he didn 't fe el very well.

As and since can come at the beginn in g of th e sentence. Norm ally we do not begin sentences with because, but this is possib le in inf or mal speech. Because Tim had eaten fift een ice-creams, he did n 't f eel very well. We use so to express a result. N ote the relation between because and so. Tim had eaten fi ftee n ice-creams, so he didn 't fe el very well

so and such for emphasis We use so many/ much (that) and s o fe w/ little (that) with nouns, f or emphasis. That is usually left out in informal speech and writing. Note the rules Countable nouns I bought so many books (that) I couldn 't carry them all. There were so few people in the theatre (that) the actors didn't perform well. Uncountable nouns There is so much rain at the moment (that) we hardly ever go out. We have so little free time (that) we don 't watch television

We use so+ adjective+ that with adjectives by themselves. Las t night was so hot (that) I couldn 't sleep. The trainers were so cheap (that) I bought tlvo pa irs. If we have an adjective followed by a noun, we use such a. It was such a lovely day (that) we went f or a walk in the country. It was such a good film (that) I sa w it nvice

too and not enough for a difficulty Too + adjective means 'm ore than is necessary or good'. It suggests a difficult y, and that som ething ca nnot be done. It was too far. It was too difficult (so I didn 't go) (so I did n't do it If we say wh at the action is we use to + in finitive. It was too far to walk so we took a tax i. The mountain was too difficult (for us) to climb

Not+ adjective + enough means 'less than is necessary or good '. Compare the use of too and not enough. Little Gerry is too young to walk to school. Little Gerry is not old enough to walk to school With nouns we can use too many/mu ch, too few/little and not enough.

Countable nouns There are too many people in the class. There are too few books. We haven't got enough books. Uncountable nouns There are too many things to do. There's too little time. We haven 't got enough time With nouns we can use too many/mu ch, too few/little and not enough.

Countable nouns There are too many people in the class. There are too few books. We haven't got enough books. Uncountable nouns There are too many things to do. There's too little time. We haven 't got enough time Notice from the above examples that enough comes after adjectives ('old') but before nouns ('books'/'time').

And too It is a common mistake to confuse so and too. So is like very, and is used for emphasis. The speaker's opinion can be positi ve or negative. Too means 'more than enough'. It suggests a difficulty, that something cannot be done or will not happen

I t's very expensive. It 's so expensive. It 's too expensive ) a fact) (I'm surprised, but I still might buy it) (so I won't buy it

result phrases: as result, in the end, - entually We can also express result with a linking phrase like as a result, or a time expression like in the end or eventually. These are more common in formal speech and writing. Two metres of snow fell during the night. As a result, several main roads were block ed.(in speech we would ju st use so h ere)

It started raining while we were having our picnic, and eventually we decided to go home. Kate and Tim waited for the bus for a long time, and in the end they took a Taxi Words like because and so are called 'linking words'