History and Government of Africa South of the Sahara Ch 21-2 notes

Ancient African Civilizations 5500 BC Djabo Cave paintings found 5500 BC Djabo Cave paintings found –Region had an agricultural society with good land and rivers

Ancient African Civilizations 2000 BC people left and brought knowledge of agriculture with them 2000 BC people left and brought knowledge of agriculture with them Egyptians Egyptians –“First” civilization in Africa

Ancient African Civilizations Others –Nubia – near Kush until 700’s –Ghana, Mali, Songhai – trade kingdoms in Sahara Controlled Trans-Sahara trade Controlled Trans-Sahara trade –Bantu – built kingdoms of Kongo, Luba, Lunda

European Colonization Exploration Exploration –1400’s Portugal and Spain start exploring west coast of Africa. –Attempt to connect with Prester John in Ethiopia Hope is to squeeze Muslims out of N. Africa Hope is to squeeze Muslims out of N. Africa

Andre Bianco Map 1448

Caravel ship

European Colonization –Encounter natives and many wild sights At first want to show off natives to Europeans At first want to show off natives to Europeans Exploited Africans for slave work Exploited Africans for slave work Trade Trade – ’s Europeans had established trade with African tribes sugar, salt, gold, diamonds sugar, salt, gold, diamonds

European Colonization Colonization Colonization –By 1800’s Europeans controlled most of the continent of Africa Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain – see map on pg 441 of textbook Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain – see map on pg 441 of textbook

European Colonization Slave Trade Slave Trade –Claimed millions of lives Middle Passage – trip across the Atlantic Ocean Middle Passage – trip across the Atlantic Ocean –European guns and Africa’s dependence on European goods fed the slave trade – see map on pg 439

European Colonization From Colonies to Nations From Colonies to Nations –Mid – 1800’s Europeans controlled most of Africa Used colonies to supply natural resources to Europe and as a market for European manufactured goods Used colonies to supply natural resources to Europe and as a market for European manufactured goods

European Colonization 1914 – (start of WWI), all of Africa except Liberia and Ethiopia was controlled by Europeans 1914 – (start of WWI), all of Africa except Liberia and Ethiopia was controlled by Europeans –Independence occurred in mid- 1900’s for most African countries Nigeria – 1960 Nigeria – 1960 Ghana – 1957 Ghana – 1957 Kenya – 1963 Kenya – 1963 Zimbabwe – 1980 Zimbabwe – 1980 Namibia – 1990 Namibia – 1990

Challenges for the future Reforming/changing current political boundaries Reforming/changing current political boundaries –Europeans made most political boundaries Cut across ethnic lines/groups Cut across ethnic lines/groups Many ethnic groups in same country Many ethnic groups in same country

Challenges for the future Lack of political experience by current African leaders Lack of political experience by current African leaders Led to one-party state – act like dictatorships Led to one-party state – act like dictatorships Whoever has military power usually wins control Whoever has military power usually wins control

Challenges for the future Overcoming effects of apartheid in South Africa Overcoming effects of apartheid in South Africa –Apartheid – strict separation of the races –Blacks lived in separate areas and lacked political rights

Challenges for the future –Ended in 1991 –First free elections featuring universal suffrage in 1994 Suffrage = equal voting rights for all Suffrage = equal voting rights for all Nelson Mandela elected – first Black president of S. Africa Nelson Mandela elected – first Black president of S. Africa –Current president is Thabo Mbeki

Nelson Mandela

President Thabo Mbeki