Multicellular, Eukaryotes Cell walls made of cellulose Waxy waterproof cuticle Autotrophs  Photosynthetic with chlorophyll

Vascular tissue Vascular Tissue- tubes that carry food, water and carbon dioxide throughout the plants Xylem-transport water Phloem-transports sugars made in the leaves during photosynthesis Some ancient plants are non- vascular

Plants grow from the Apical Meristem at the root and stem tips of the plant This is a zone of cells undergoing mitosis (cell division)

Have no seeds  have spores –hard walled reproductive structures Vascular & non-vascular Usually moist environments Ex: Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Ferns

Produce seeds Vascular See pg 568

Gymnosperm Conifers Reproduce with Cones Pollen cone Ovulate cone Seeds are in Cones Evergreen plants Needlelike leaves Pine, spruce, fir, redwood

Three Main Parts Roots Absorb water Stem Hold up leaves and flowers Leaves Carry out photosynthesis

Functions Absorb water and minerals from the soil Anchor the plant

Epidermis Root Hairs- increase surface area, absorb water Cortex- can store food Endodermis-surrounds the vascular tissue Root cap-protection Apical Meristem- zone of cell division

Vascular tissue is in Vascular Bundles Xylem-transport water Phloem-transport food Monocot Roots have xylem and phloem in a circle with a central pith Dicot roots have xylem in the shape of a star at the center

Fibrous, Taproot, Prop Large underground roots store food beets, carrots, Adventitious roots- grow from the stem

Function Support leaves & flowers Provide communication between leaves and roots Contains vascular tissue Xylem-water Phloem-food Types Herbaceous stems- green Woody stems

Modified Stems can store food -this is an adaptation Celery Onion Bamboo shoots Sugar cane

Vascular Tissue tube cells xylem and phloem Monocot stems-the vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem. Dicot stems-the vascular bundles form a circle in the cortex Monocot Dicot

Conifers and Angiosperm trees grow in thickness year to year. Secondary growth - growing in thickness over years. New xylem is added yearly Last years dead xylem becomes a growth ring 1st year 2nd year 3rd year X X P P

Over time the outer portion of a stem develops bark protects the phloem (food) from damage and insects

Function Site of Photosynthesis Large, flat surface area to trap light energy. Parts of a Leave Blade Petiole- stalk containing vascular tissue Veins- vascular tissue Cuticle-waxy coating

Monocot Leaves have parallel veins Dicot leaves have a branching network of veins

Epidermis – Outermost cell layer Mesophyll- contains chloroplasts Vein – contains xylem & phloem Stomata-mouth like openings on the underside of a leaf allow the exchange of CO 2 and O 2 gases with the air water vapor can be lost through open stomata Guard cells

Tendrils - ivy Pitcher Plant –carnivorous plant Aloe Vera Cactus – water storage Food storage- lettuce, cabbage, spinach

Alternation of Generations Ferns, mosses, conifers

Evolutionary partners with insects Trade food for pollination Reproductive structure of plants

Petal-colorful modified leaves that attract pollinators Pistil-female structure Ovary-egg producer Stamen-male structure Anther-produces pollen which contains sperm Sepal – supports petal Complete flower-has all 4 organs

Monocot flowers- petals in multiples of 3 Dicot Flowers- petals in multiples of 4 or 5

ROOTS FLOWER Tap Fibrous Branched veins Flower parts in 5’s Parallel veins LEAVES

Pollination – When pollen falls on the stigma of the pistil The pollen grows a tube through the style down to the ovaries Sperm is released from the pollen Fertilization - the joining of the egg and sperm occurs All the eggs are fertilized in this manner The Ovary matures into a Fruit

Seeds contain: Seed coat-protects the seed Embryo-small plant Endosperm (cotyledon)- stored food Seeds can remain dormant for years

Cotyledon -the food storage organ found in seeds The embryo Monocotyledon - one embryo leaf Dicotyledon- two embryo leaves Seed coat

Seeds are spread many ways: Wind Water Animals Propelled

The beginning of development of the seed into a new plant Steps in germination Seed absorbs water to begin germination Embryo does respiration First root appears First leaves appears Photosynthesis begins

Plants respond to Light Water by growing towards both Plants release hormones – chemical messengers for these responses

Annuals- plants that live for one year Biennials-plants that live two years Perennials-plants that live for several years, producing flowers and seed periodically Deciduous Trees - lose their leaves in the fall