A New Social Order Pre-Industrial Revolution: Nobles and Peasants – Roles defined by relationship with the land – Lawyers, merchants and artisans had a secondary role in society Industrial Revolution New Upper Class (Tiny) Wealthy business families Often married into aristocratic families Nobles needed support of industry Growing Middle Class Doctors, scientists (top) Teachers/Office workers (lower) Workers & Peasants – Bottom of social ladder

How Society Changed Peasants and Nobles (Owners and workers of the land) Lawyers, Merchants, Doctors, Teachers, etc… Wealthy Business Owners Middle Class (Upper and Lower) Working Class & Peasants

Tastes & Values Shift Middle Class way of life had devloped – Defined by a code of etiquette – Dress codes, funerals and social occasions all affected – Most middle class families had cooks and/or housemaids The “Ideal” Home Husband and wife relationship changed Success was defined as… – Husband make enough $ to keep wife at home – Wife raised kids, maintains home and serves in community Women and the Cult of Domesticity

Women & The Cult of Domesticity

Life for the Lower Classes Working Class Women – Labored in factories – Low pay – Often served as servants – Still responsible for child care and homemaking *Very different lifestyles between middle and working classes

Women Work for Rights What Women Want: – Fairness in… Marriage Divorce Property – Temperance Movement: Limit/eliminate use of alcoholic beverages Viewed as threat to family and workforce – Major Obstacle: COULD NOT VOTE IN EUROPE OR THE UNITED STATES Barred from education Little protection under the law Subservient to husbands and fathers Movement for Women’s Suffrage emerges in late 1800s – Political rights – US grants women voting rights in early 1900s – Wyoming first state to grant women voting rights

Growth of Public Education Why? – Thought to produce better citizens – Need for literate workforce – Taught punctuality, obedience to authority, discipline and patriotism Late 1800s: Normal Schools begin to train teachers – Elementary ed. Becomes commonplace\Growth of secondary (high)schools – Usually families could only afford to educate their male children Reasons for education… – boys vs. girls – Different curriculums

Science Scientific study led to many new developments that challenged old ideals – Atomic theory – all matter made up of atoms – Earth’s age over 2 billion years – some conflict with biblical accounts – Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution All plants and animals produce more offspring then food supply could support Competition between members of a species means only the most fit will survive “survival of the fittest” started to be applied to society and justify big business and social classes – Also known as Social Darwinism