Mr. Arbo Anatomy:

There are two main kinds of blood vessels: Veins- carry blood to the heart, bifurcate to create venules Arteries- carry blood away from the heart, bifurcate to create arterioles The largest vein is the vena cava, which carries blood to the heart. The largest artery is the aorta, which carries blood to the heart. Another important artery is the pulmonary artery because it carries blood to the lungs. Another type of important blood vessel is the capillary. This vessel connect arterioles and venules.

There are two different nodes located in the heart, both with different functions: Sinoatrial node (SA node)- located below the epicardium, sets off cardiac cycle, known as the pacemaker of the heart. Atrioventricular node (AV node)- diffuses cardiac impulses from SA node to the A-V bundle.

The percent of formed elements in blood is called hematocrit 45% of blood is the liquid plasma About 99% of the formed elements in blood are red blood cells or erythrocytes RBCs have a round shape and are filled with hemoglobin Carbon monoxide has the highest attraction to hemoglobin Blood with oxygen is bright red and without oxygen is dull red (it is never blue) RBCs live about 120 days and are then eaten by macrophages in the spleen and liver

White blood cells are also called leucocytes. These cells help to fight bacteria and disease. Granulocytes- grainy cytoplasm Neutrophils- fine grains, polymorpho nuclear, pinkish stain, ameboid, very mobile, phagocytic— 54-62% of WBCs in an adult Eosinophils- bilobed nucleus, red stain, 1-3% in adults, control inflammation, weakly phagocytic Basophils- blue stain, few grains, less than 1%, release heparin, increase fluids, increase permeability Agranulocytes- smooth cytoplasm Monocytes- largest blood cells, various nucleus shapes, 3-9%, very mobile, very phagocytic, can live several weeks or months Lymphocytes- large nucleus, little cytoplasm, 25-33%, may live for years, made in marrow and lymph system, immunities and antibodies

Platelets are also known as thrombocytes and cause coagulation (clotting) Injury that breaks the skin causes blood vessel spasm and the smooth muscle contracts Platelets stick to the broken tissue and other platelets cause a platelet plug Release of Thromboplastin Tissue thromboplastin leads to the production of prothrombin into thrombin Thrombin with calcium converts fibrinogen into fibrin which forms a net RBC become trapped in the net of fibrin which causes the clot Blood types: A- has A protein B- has B protein AB- has both A and B protein O- has no A, no B Positive and negative is for the Rh factor + has Rh - does not have Rh

Upper Respiratory System: Nostrils- concha to warm and moisten air to nasopharynx Mouth- to oral cavity to oropharynx Laryngeopharynx- bottom of the pharynx Epiglottis- muscle that covers larynx during swallowing Larynx- voice box Trachea- wind pipe Lower Respiratory System: Lungs- right lung has 3 lobes and left has 2 Bronchi- branches from trachea through bifurcation Alveoli- air sacs, gas exchange units The atmospheric pressure is around 760 mmHg The main force of exhalation is the elastic tissue