DNA Database Abira Khan

What is Meant by Data & Database Name Position Joining Date Salary X Y Z !!! INFORMATION Of Mr. X DATA Complete set of DATA = Information Systematic collection of interrelated DATA= Database

Criteria of a Database Access Retrieval Calculation Porting

Contents of a Database DATABASE Numeric Text Video & Graphics Audio Computing

What is a DNA Database? Electronic collection of DNA profiles Not any genetic information related to health DNA profiles are organized in different indexes Database for population genetics Database for Police Case Work Database for missing persons

Database for Population Genetics Database for Police Case-work Who’s DNA profile Should be Included? Database for Population Genetics Database for Police Case-work Database for Missing persons Unrelated anonymous individuals Convicted Offenders Suspects Crime scene Samples Dead bodies Relatives of the missing persons

Database for Population Genetics

Database of Anonymous Person Required for the calculation of following parameters: Probability of Match in a human identity test Probability of Paternity in a paternity test Relationship indices in a Sibling test or other relationship testing

Allele Frequency Database Minimum 100 people should be typed to establish a reliable allele frequency database It should be kept in mind that allele frequency differs from population to population Every country should therefore establish their own database

Allele Frequency Database

Population Database

Random probability of match = 7.66 x 10-21 Random match probability for a 13-loci STR profile using Bangladeshi allele frequency database Locus Allele 1 Allele 1 Allele freq 1 Allele freq 2 Formula Genotype freqency (GF) D3S1358 16 0.3033 p2 (0.3033)2 = 0.0919 vWA 15 18 0.0498 0.1498 2pq 2 x 0.0498 x 0.1498 = 0.0149 D16S539 10 11 0.019 0.1090 2 x 0.019 x 0.1090 = 0.00414 D2S1338 19 0.0047 0.1611 2 x 0.0047 x 0.1611 = 0.00151 D8S1179 8 9 0.0118 0.0095 2 x 0.0118 x 0.098 = 0.00022 D21S11 28 29 0.1256 0.0024 2 x 0.1256 x 0.0024 = 0.00060 D18S51 12 13 0.0853 0.1540 2 x 0.0853 x 0.1540 = 0.02627 D19S433 14 0.2725 0.2654 2 x 0.2725 x 0.26554 = 0.1446 TH01 6 0.2156 0.3389 2 x 0.2156 x 0.3389 = 0.1461 FGA 25 27 0.1043 0.0569 2 x 0.1043 x 0.0569 = 0.01186 Random probability of match = 7.66 x 10-21

Population database

Database for Police Case Work

Police Case-work DNA Profile from Convicted Offenders DNA profile from Suspects DNA profile from Crime Scene Samples

DNA Profiles from Convicted Offenders Link suspects to unsolved cases Link a case where no prior suspect existed Cold-Hit

What is a Cold Hit ? A hit occurs when the DNA profile of a crime scene sample matches with: a) A profile in a database of previously convicted offenders b) A profile in a database of suspects of specified crimes c) A profile in a database of other crime scene profiles

Database of Suspects Useful in associating person with open or unsolved cases Suspect under bail might engage himself in other criminal activities Person under suspicion and investigation for one offense, might be responsible for several later offense

The Crime Scene Samples DNA profile from evidence found at the crime scene should be stored and accessible to legally authorized investigators Useful for recognizing serial or multiple crimes even before a perpetrator is found Equally useful when a perpetrator has been identified

Unidentified Bodies This portion of the database would contain DNA profiles from unidentified bodies, body parts or body remains This would provide greatest benefit when DNA profiles from immediate relatives could be used to reconstruct the DNA profiles for comparison

Inclusion Criteria?

Offender Criteria Austria, England & Wales - Any recordable offense Czech Republic – All convicted offenders Belgium, France - Specific offenses Finland – Specific violent offenses Germany - Specific offenders and with court order Switzerland – More than 1 year in prison Sweden – More than 2 years in prison Norway – Serious crimes with at least 2 years in prison Netherlands - More than 4 years in prison Hungary – More than 5 years in prison

Suspect Criteria Austria – Any recordable offense Czech Republic – May be collected only and loaded into database if charged England & Wales – Any recordable offense France - Specific offenses Finland – More than 1 year in prison, plus other specified offenses Germany - Specific offenders and with court order Hungary – More than 5 years in prison, plus other specific offenses Netherlands - More than 4 years in prison and with court order Northern Ireland – Any recordable offenses Scotland - Anyone lawfully arrested or detained. Sweden – All suspects Switzerland – Any suspicious person with regard to a crime

Removal Criteria ?

Offender Removal Criteria Australia, England & Wales – Indefinite Finland – 1 year after death Norway – 2 years after death, or upon finding of innocence Belgium – 10 years after death Sweden – 10 years after sentence is served France – 40 years after sentence, or until the age of 80 Czech Republic – Subject to 3 year review Germany - Reviewed after 10 years for adults, 5 years for juveniles Hungary – Until acquitted or charges abandoned Netherlands - 20 years if convicted of a crime with 4 - 6 year sentence, 30 years if convicted of a crime with sentence of more than 6 years Switzerland – After 30 years, if no further convictions, or upon death

Suspect Removal Criteria Australia – When acquitted England & Wales – Indefinite Finland – 1 year after notification of acquittal or charges dropped France – Upon request from prosecutor or suspect if not convicted or no evidence of an offense Germany - Reviewed after 10 years for adults, 5 years for juveniles Hungary – 20 years after sentences expires Netherlands - 20 years if convicted of a crime with 4 - 6 year sentence, 30 years if convicted of a crime with sentence of more than 6 years Northern Ireland - No legal requirement for expungement. Profiles of those dead or over 100 years of age are removed. Scotland – Indefinitely unless acquitted or charges dropped Sweden – Saved until allowed to register the suspect as a convicted offender Switzerland – Upon exclusion as a suspect, death, or 5 years after sentence completed

Other Issues Relating to DNA Database

Privacy Issues Overview Legislative Provisions Not much concern for convicted offenders Significant concern for arrested offenders Legislative Provisions Purge the sample, keep the profile Data handling regulations Penalties for misuse of data Saliva Swabs instead of Blood

Civil Liberty Issues What information will be stored? Only DNA profiles, not any genetic information Which offense s require an offender to be in the database? Criteria has to be set by the state Can the database be abused? Require stringent regulations for data handling Can the DNA profiles be used for genetic discrimination? No Who will have access to the information and for what purpose?

International DNA Databases

Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own DNA database World’s first DNA database set up by Forensic Science Service (FSS), UK in 1995 in England and Wales Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own DNA database DNA samples can be taken from people Suspected of any crime Reported of any crime Convicted for any recordable offense As of 2008 the NDNAD holds around 4 million profiles from individuals and 2,63,923 profiles from crime scenes

The Forensic Science Service The NDNAB is currently achieving 1400 matches every week between crime scene samples and suspects Police have used the database as an investigating tool to help solve a wide range of crimes

Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) Established by FBI, US in 1998 Enables Federal, State and local crime labs to exchange and compare DNA profiles electronically Currently (until 2008) it has 63,98,000 convicted offenders and 2,49,000 crime scene samples Only 12 states are hooked up to the FBI’s database so far

Cold-Hit Counts in CODIS Year Investigation aided Forensic Hits Offender Hits 2000 1573 507 731 2001 3635 1031 2371 2002 6670 1832 5032 2003 11220 3004 8269 2004 20788 5147 13855 2005 30455 7071 21519 2006 43156 9529 32439 2007 62059 11750 49813 2008 80948 14122 66783

Other Countries Established and growing offender databases New Zealand Canada Australia France Germany Japan Working towards passing offender database Confirmed China Israel Brazil Unconfirmed South Korea Russia Thailand Malaysia Argentina India Taiwan Chile Philippines Mexico

INTERPOL Interpol has proposed to establish an international DNA database for use by its Member States Countries will be able to add profiles from their national or regional database and compare their profiles with those supplied by participating Interpol Member States The potential benefits of a worldwide network of DNA database are obvious However, achieving this goal may take time given the various legislative controls present in different countries

How Do Databases Prevent More Crime?

Virginia “Cold Hits” on the DNA Database of Drug Offenders

Virginia “Cold Hits” on the DNA Database of Forgery

Virginia “Cold Hits” on the DNA Database of Juveniles

COLD HIT Programs: Raising the Bar Findings from Virginia, USA Approximately 81% of hits would have been missed if data bank were limited to only violent offenders 2/3rd of the crime is committed by repeat offenders

Benefits of Creating a National DNA Database Solves more crime Prevents more crime Saves investigation time Reduces man hour in police department Reduces man hour in judiciary Saves investigation & other costs Physical injury Hospitalization Lost time at work Pain and suffering