AP Review #15 Reconstruction

Presidential Reconstruction Southern states had never left the Union Lincoln and Johnson held this view Lenient plan for Reconstruction Minimum test of political loyalty

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863) Pardons for those who took an oath of allegiance, accepted emancipation of slaves State government could be reestablished if 10% of voters took loyalty oath (10 percent plan)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) More stringent terms for Reconstruction 50% of voters had to take loyalty oath Only non-Confederates could vote Lincoln vetoed bill

Freedmen’s Bureau Provide food shelter and clothing to freed black and homeless whites Even gave confiscated land to blacks (later reversed by Johnson) Headed by Gen Oliver O. Howard Established schools and colleges for blacks

Andrew Johnson Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, Died the next day Johnson takes over as president Appeared to follow Lincoln’s 10% plan His plan included disfranchisement of Confederate leaders Allowed for “presidential pardons” of some leaders (i.e. CSA VP Alexander Stephens became senator form GA) Vetoed bills to increase services of Freedmen’s Bureau and civil rights bill for blacks

Black Codes Passed by Southern states Restricted rights of blacks Could not rent or buy land Sign work contracts Could not testify against whites in court

Congressional Reconstruction Congress imposed its own version of Reconstruction Harsher on southern whites and more protective of freed blacks

Radical Republicans Championed civil rights for blacks Led by Charles Sumner of MA and Thaddeus Stevens of PN

Civil Rights Act of 1866 All African Americans were citizens Attacked black codes Johnson vetoed it Congress overturned veto

Fourteenth Amendment (1866) All persons born or naturalized were citizens States were responsible for equal protection of the law and due process of law

Reconstruction Acts (1867) South placed under military occupation Five military districts Increased requirments for gaining readmission Must ratify 14 th Amendment Guarantee the right to all adult males in state constitution

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Congress passes Tenure of Office Act over Johnson’s veto Prohibited President from firing federal officer or military commander without senate approval (protect radical Republican in Johnson's cabinet) Johnson fires Sec. of War Edwin Stanton House impeaches Johnson survives by one vote

15 th Amendment (1869) Could not deny right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (secured vote for African Americans)

Civil Rights of 1875 Equal accommodation in public palaces Prohibited barring African American from juries Loosely enforced

Scalawags Southern Republicans Interested in economic development

Carpetbaggers Northerners who went south Setting up new businesses Missionaries and teachers

African-Americans in the Legislature Blanche Bruce and Hiram Revels, black senators Much resentment among ex-Confederates

Republican Record on Reconstruction Good Universal male suffrage Property rights for women Road, bridges, railroads Public school Bad Corrupt and wasteful Kicks backs from contractors

Sharecropping New form of servitude Black and white Land owner provided the seed and supplies in return for share of the crop Usually remained in debt and poverty

Credit Mobilier Reconstruction also a period of corruption Credit Mobilier was a scandal involving the railroad Congressmen received stock in railroad companies to keep quiet about huge profits from the transcontinental railroad

Thomas Nast Cartoonist who exposed Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall

Panic of 1873 Grant elected in 1868 and 1872 (waving the bloody shirt) Presidency is surrounded by corruption 1873 panic caused by over speculation People sought inflationary policy by increasing the money supply with greenbacks Grant sided with hard money supporters

Redeemer Reconstruction Controlled by southerners State’s rights, reduced taxes, reduced spending on social programs, white supremacy

Ku Klux Klan Southern white supremacist group to terrorize blacks and white reformers Formed in 1866

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 Federal authorities had power to stop Klan violence Protect civil rights of citizens of the South

Compromise of 1877 Election of 1876: Hayes (R), Samuel Tillden (D) Tillden won the popular vote Results contested in SC, FL, LA Tillden needs one electoral vote to win Special commission gives electoral votes to Hayes (D) threaten to contest the vote on the House Deal was made to make Hayes president: End federal support for Republicans in the South Support the building of a southern transcontinental RR Deal officially ended Reconstruction