What is Matter? How does it change? Unit 2 Chapter 2

Warm up  What is everything in the universe made of?  What are some categories we can use to describe this ‘stuff’?  Can this ‘stuff’ change forms?

Warm up  What is everything in the universe made of?  What are some categories we can use to describe this ‘stuff’?  Can this ‘stuff’ change forms?

Objective  I can identify the characteristics of matter.  What are the three states of matter?  What are physical properties of matter?  I can categorize matter as a  substances:  elements and compounds  mixture of substances:  homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures

Section 1 – What’s the matter with Matter? 1. What exactly is Matter?  Properties of Matter - definitions to know  matter – anything that takes up space and has mass  mass – the amount of matter that an object contains  substance – matter that is uniform in composition  volume – the space occupied by a sample of matter

2. Three States of matter. A sample of matter can exist in one of three states….

States of Matter – 1. SOLID udent/stateofmatter/sm.html tion/states-of-matter-basics 1. Solid macro definition – has a definite (fixed) shape and definite volume Flows: Shape: Volume: Compressible: Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter – 1. SOLID udent/stateofmatter/sm.html tion/states-of-matter-basics 1. Solid macro definition – has a definite (fixed) shape and definite volume Flows: No Shape: Volume: Compressible: Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter – 1. SOLID udent/stateofmatter/sm.html tion/states-of-matter-basics 1. Solid macro definition – has a definite (fixed) shape and definite volume Flows: No Shape: definite Volume: Compressible: Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter – 1. SOLID udent/stateofmatter/sm.html tion/states-of-matter-basics 1. Solid macro definition – has a definite (fixed) shape and definite volume Flows: No Shape: definite Volume: definite Compressible: Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter – 1. SOLID udent/stateofmatter/sm.html tion/states-of-matter-basics 1. Solid macro definition – has a definite (fixed) shape and definite volume Flows: No Shape: definite Volume: definite Compressible: No Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter – 1. SOLID udent/stateofmatter/sm.html tion/states-of-matter-basics 1. Solid macro definition – has a definite (fixed) shape and definite volume Flows: No Shape: definite Volume: definite Compressible: No Particles: packed tightly micro definition –

States of Matter – 1. SOLID udent/stateofmatter/sm.html tion/states-of-matter-basics 1. Solid macro definition – has a definite (fixed) shape and definite volume Flows: No Shape: definite Volume: definite Compressible: No Particles: packed tightly micro definition – particles packed very tightly together and are nearly incompressible

States of Matter – 2. LIQUID public/student/stateofma tter/sm.html mulation/states-of-matter- basics 2. Liquid macro definition – matter that flows, has a definite volume, and takes the shape of its container Flows: Shape: Volume: Compressible: Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter – 2. LIQUID public/student/stateofma tter/sm.html mulation/states-of-matter- basics 2. Liquid macro definition – matter that flows, has a definite volume, and takes the shape of its container Flows: Yes Shape: Volume: Compressible: Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter – 2. LIQUID public/student/stateofma tter/sm.html mulation/states-of-matter- basics 2. Liquid macro definition – matter that flows, has a definite volume, and takes the shape of its container Flows: Yes Shape: indefinite Volume: Compressible: Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter – 2. LIQUID public/student/stateofma tter/sm.html mulation/states-of-matter- basics 2. Liquid macro definition – matter that flows, has a definite volume, and takes the shape of its container Flows: Yes Shape: indefinite Volume: definite Compressible: Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter – 2. LIQUID public/student/stateofma tter/sm.html mulation/states-of-matter- basics 2. Liquid macro definition – matter that flows, has a definite volume, and takes the shape of its container Flows: Yes Shape: indefinite Volume: definite Compressible: No Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter – 2. LIQUID public/student/stateofma tter/sm.html mulation/states-of-matter- basics 2. Liquid macro definition – matter that flows, has a definite volume, and takes the shape of its container Flows: Yes Shape: indefinite Volume: definite Compressible: No Particles: close contact micro definition –

States of Matter – 2. LIQUID public/student/stateofma tter/sm.html mulation/states-of-matter- basics 2. Liquid macro definition – matter that flows, has a definite volume, and takes the shape of its container Flows: Yes Shape: indefinite Volume: definite Compressible: No Particles: close contact micro definition – particles in close contact and are nearly incompressible

States of Matter: 3. GAS ic/student/stateofmatter/sm. html ation/states-of-matter-basics 3. Gas macro definition – matter that flows, takes both the shape and volume of its container Flows: Shape: Volume: Compressible: Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter: 3. GAS ic/student/stateofmatter/sm. html ation/states-of-matter-basics 3. Gas macro definition – matter that flows, takes both the shape and volume of its container Flows: Yes Shape: Volume: Compressible: Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter: 3. GAS ic/student/stateofmatter/sm. html ation/states-of-matter-basics 3. Gas macro definition – matter that flows, takes both the shape and volume of its container Flows: Yes Shape: indefinite Volume: Compressible: Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter: 3. GAS ic/student/stateofmatter/sm. html ation/states-of-matter-basics 3. Gas macro definition – matter that flows, takes both the shape and volume of its container Flows: Yes Shape: indefinite Volume: indefinite Compressible: Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter: 3. GAS ic/student/stateofmatter/sm. html ation/states-of-matter-basics 3. Gas macro definition – matter that flows, takes both the shape and volume of its container Flows: Yes Shape: indefinite Volume: indefinite Compressible: Yes Particles: micro definition –

States of Matter: 3. GAS ic/student/stateofmatter/sm. html ation/states-of-matter-basics 3. Gas macro definition – matter that flows, takes both the shape and volume of its container Flows: Yes Shape: indefinite Volume: indefinite Compressible: Yes Particles: far apart micro definition –

States of Matter: 3. GAS ic/student/stateofmatter/sm. html ation/states-of-matter-basics 3. Gas macro definition – matter that flows, takes both the shape and volume of its container Flows: Yes Shape: indefinite Volume: indefinite Compressible: Yes Particles: far apart micro definition – particles spaced very far apart and can fill any volume that contains them and are compressible

Which is most likely oxygen gas? A B C

Section 1 – What’s the matter with Matter?  Properties of Matter - definitions to know  physical property – a quality that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s chemical composition – (no chemical reaction)

Physical properties of matter are categorized as either Extensive or Intensive :  Extensive Properties: Depends on the amount of matter present.  Intensive Properties: do not depend on how much matter you have. Graphic Organizer

Physical Property Graphic Organizer Physical Property – Intensive property -Extensive property - Examples:

Physical Property Graphic Organizer Physical Property – Intensive property -Extensive property - Examples: Identifies what the substance is!!!Does NOT identify what the substance is!!!

10 lb (pounds) is the weight of the ice A. 10 lb is an intensive property of the ice B. 10 lb is an extensive property of the ice C. 10 lb is not a property of the ice

Ice melts at 0 o C. This is called the melting point of water. A. melting point is an intensive property B. melting point is an extensive property C. melting point not a property of water

Physical Changes  physical change – a change in matter that does not alter its chemical composition  examples: grinding, tearing, bending, melting, freezing, boiling, dissolving

Chemical Changes! Finally! I. Changing One Thing into Another Chemical Property – the ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction and are only observed with a chemical change Chemical Change = Chemical Reaction – when one or more substances change into a new substance Ex. Rusting, fermenting, exploding, rotting

Which of these is a physical change … A. cooking spaghetti B. boiling water in the microwave C. rusting metal on an old bike D. burning candle wax

Which of these is a chemical change A. melting lead B. breaking an egg C. frying an egg D. dissolving sugar in iced tea

4. Chemical Changes = Reactions When writing chemical changes, the reactants are always on the left side of the reaction arrow while the products are always written on the right side. Zn + 2 HNO 3  H 2 + Zn(NO 3 ) 2 Signs that a chemical change has occurred 1. Heat, crackle, light (Energy is released) 2. Odor change 3. Color change 4. Gas is released, usually as bubbles ReactantsProducts reaction arrow

5. Conservation of Mass a. Physical and Chemical changes always obey the Law of Conservation of Mass – in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is never created nor destroyed; (mass is conserved.) The Mass You Put In Is the Same as the Mass You Get Out!!

Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reactions Chemical Change Demo: Copper reacts with nitric acid to produce copper nitrate, poisonous nitrogen dioxide gas and water. Cu + 4HNO 3  Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + 2NO 2 + 2H 2 O (penny) (clear liquid) (green-blue) (red gas)

Classifying Matter! ch

6. Substances  Matter that is in a pure state is called a substance.  A pure substance is a sample of matter that has definite chemical and physical properties.  (definite = doesn’t change)  There are two categories of substances….

Matter anything that takes up space & has mass Substance definite composition (homogeneous) Element Compound examples:

a) Elements are a type of pure substance  that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.

Chemical Symbols and Formulas The Elements  Each element is represented by a chemical symbol made up of one or two letters.  The first letter of every chemical symbol is capitalized and the second is always lowercase. Ex. Hydrogen = H, Calcium = Ca  Some chemical symbols are derived from their Greek or Latin names so may not resemble the common name of the element. Ex. Sodium = Na, Potassium = K, Lead = Pb

Which of the following is the correct symbol for the element chlorine? A. CL B. C C. Cl D. cl

b) Compounds are Pure substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.  Definite composition: Made of elements in a specific ratio that is always the same.  Has a chemical formula.  Can only be separated by chemical means, not physically.

Matter anything that takes up space & has mass Substance definite composition (homogeneous) Element (on the periodic table) Compound (has a chemical formula) examples: water, sodium chloride, carbon dioxide examples: iron, oxygen, silver, sulfur, gold Chemically Separable

Particle Representations Handout one type of particle, one particle color Element: Solid Liquid Gas

Particle Representations Handout one type of particle, one particle color, sometimes a double particle of the same color Element: Solid Liquid Gas

Particle Representations Handout one type of particle, different particle colors Compound: Solid Liquid Gas

7. Classifying Mixtures  A mixture is a physical blend of two or more pure substances. They are not chemically combined.  Mixtures are substances held together by physical forces, not chemical.  No chemical change takes place when forming mixtures.  Each substance retains its physical and chemical properties in the mixture.  They can be separated physically. Chem4kids.com

Matter anything that takes up space & has mass Substance definite composition (homogeneous) Mixture of Substances variable composition Element (on the periodic table) Compound (has a chemical formula) examples: water, sodium chloride, carbon dioxide examples: iron, oxygen, silver, sulfur, gold Chemically Separable Physically Separable

Particle Representations Handout multiple types of particles, different particle colors Mixture: Solid (two compounds) Liquid (an element and a compound) Gas (two elements)

Classifying Mixtures There are two kinds of mixtures: 1. heterogeneous mixture – a mixture that is not uniform in composition; each different substances is easily observed  Ex. A salad, orange juice with pulp, milk and cereal 2. homogeneous mixture – a mixture that is completely uniform in composition, also called solutions  Ex. Milk, steel, ink, salt water

Matter anything that takes up space & has mass Substance definite composition (homogeneous) Mixture of Substances variable composition Element (on the periodic table) Compound (has a chemical formula) Homogeneous Mixture uniform throughout also called a solution examples: water, sodium chloride, carbon dioxide examples: iron, oxygen, silver, sulfur, gold Heterogeneous Mixture has distinct phases Chemically Separable examples: air, steel, salt water examples: soup, concrete, Physically Separable

How would you classify sweet tea? A. a substance B. a homogeneous mixture C. a heterogeneous mixture D. an element

If you had a bowl of nuts, could you physically separate them? A. Yes B. No

How would you classify this bowl of nuts? A. a substance B. a homogeneous mixture C. a heterogeneous mixture D. an element

If you had some H 2 O, How could you separate the hydrogen from the oxygen atoms? A. Water is an element and cannot be separated B. You could physically separate the atoms in water C. It would take a chemical reaction D. You can destroy one of the atoms in a water molecule

How would you classify pure water? A. a compound B. a homogeneous mixture C. a heterogeneous mixture D. an essential element H2OH2O

Classifying Mixtures  A phase is any part of a system with uniform composition and properties. Thus:  Homogeneous Mixtures consist of a single phase  Heterogeneous Mixtures consist of two or more phases

Mixtures are separable!  Ways to separate different mixtures:  i. distillation – a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed again to a liquid  ii. magnetism – one substance is attracted to the magnet while the other is not, thus separating the two from each other

Objective  Identify the characteristics of matter.  What are the three states of matter?  What are physical properties of matter?  Categorize matter as a  substances:  elements and compounds  mixture of substances:  homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures

Unit 2 Review 1. Anything that takes up space and has mass is __________? 2. The amount of matter that an object contains is ___________? 3. A sample of matter having a uniform and definite composition is called a _________? 4. A ____________ is a quality of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s chemical composition. 5. An _________ property does not depend on the amount of the matter present. 6. An _________ property does depend on the amount of the matter present. 7. __________ is an example of an intensive property. 8. __________ is an example of an extensive property. 9. A __________ is matter that has a definite shape and definite volume 10. In a ___________, particles are packed very tightly together and are nearly incompressible

Review 11. matter that flows, has a fixed volume, and takes the shape of its container is called a _________ 12. Particles of a ____________ are in close contact but not packed tightly together and are nearly incompressible 13. matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container is called a __________ 14. In a ________, particles are spaced very far apart and can fill any volume that contains them and are compressible 15. A ________ change is a change in matter that does not alter the chemical composition of the substance 16. Examples of physical change are_____________________________ 17. a physical blend of two or more substances is a ______________ 18. What are the two kinds of mixtures 1) ______________________ 2) _______________________ 19. Homogeneous mixtures are also called __________________ 20. Mixtures are separable, Give an example of separating a mixture ________________________

Three States of Matter 1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas macro definition – has a definite (fixed) shape and definite volume macro definition – matter that flows, has a definite volume, and takes the shape of its container macro definition – matter that flows, takes both the shape and volume of its container Flows: No Flows: Yes Shape: definite Shape: indefinite Volume: definite Volume: indefinite Compressible: No Compressible: Yes Particles: packed tightly Particles: close contact Particles: far apart micro definition – particles packed very tightly together and are nearly incompressible micro definition – particles in close contact and are nearly incompressible micro definition – particles spaced very far apart and can fill any volume that contains them and are compressible

Matter Substance _______composiiton examples: Mixture of Substances ______composition