What is Culture?  Culture is the values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that together form a people’s way of life.

Types of Culture  Non-material culture – intangible human creations  Material culture – tangible creations of a society  Shapes what we do  Helps form our personalities  Informs our definition of what is ‘normal ‘

Culture Shock  Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.  It is the inability to read meanings in a new surroundings.

Components of Culture  Symbols  Language  Values and Beliefs  Norms  Ideal and Real Culture

What do symbols mean

Components of culture  Symbols: A symbol is anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture (a flag, a word, a flashing red light, a raised fist, an animal etc). * non-verbal gestures can be very “symbolic” and diverse. -Diverse meanings can be given to different variations of the same object, for example, the winking of an eye.

Components of culture (contd’)  Values and Beliefs -VALUES are culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living. BELIEFS are specific statements that people hold to be true (e.g. The possibility that the US will one day have a female president - based on the shared value of equal opportunity)

Beauty – what are our values in America Are these beautiful people by America’s standards??

Is this beauty?

American Beauty – what do we value as beauty today

Components of culture (contd’) - Norms are the agreed-upon expectations and rules by which a culture guides the behavior of its members in any given situation.

Types of Norms  There are four basic types of norms that sociologists commonly refer to: folkways, mores, taboos, and laws.  Folkways, sometimes known as “conventions” or “customs,” are standards of behavior that are socially approved but not morally significant. For example, belching loudly after eating dinner at someone else's home breaks an American folkway.  Mores are norms of morality. Breaking mores, like attending church in the nude, will offend most people of a culture.  Finally, Laws are a formal body of rules enacted by the state and backed by the power of the state. Virtually all taboos, like child abuse, are enacted into law, although not all mores are.  For example, wearing a bikini to church may be offensive, but it is not against the law.

Folkways  Folkways are often referred to as "customs."  They are standards of behavior that are socially approved but not morally significant.  They are norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience. Breaking a folkway does not usually have serious consequences.  Cultural forms of dress or food habits are examples of folkways. In America, if someone belched loudly while eating at the dinner table with other people, he or she would be breaking a folkway. It is culturally appropriate to not belch at the dinner table, however if this folkway is broken, there are no moral or legal consequences.

Mores  Mores are strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior.  Mores are norms based on definitions of right and wrong.  Unlike folkways, mores are morally significant. People feel strongly about them and violating them typically results in disapproval.  Religious doctrines are an example of mores. For instance, if someone were to attend church in the nude, he or she would offend most people of that culture and would be morally shunned.  Also, parents who believe in the more that only married people should live together will disapprove of their daughter living with her boyfriend. They may consider the daughter’s actions a violation of their moral guidelines.

LAWS  Laws are a formal body of rules enacted by the state and backed by the power of the state.  For example, wearing a bikini to church may be offensive, but it is not against the law.  Many laws (unlike mores) do not have a moral evaluation connected to them. Not stopping completely at a stop sign is against the law, but you will not be judged “immoral” for doing it.  Definition - A body of rules of conduct of binding legal force and effect, prescribed, recognized, and enforced by a controlling authority.

 Ethnocentrism The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture  Cultural relativism The practice of judging a culture by its own standards Other Concepts:

SOCIAL CONTROL Various means by which members of society encourage conformity to norms  GUILT A negative judgment we make about ourselves i.e. “internal compass”  SHAME The painful sense that others disapprove of our actions i.e. must value their opinion to feel shame

Cultural Diversity  High culture Cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite  Popular culture Cultural patterns that are widespread among society’s population  Subculture Cultural patterns set apart some segment of society’s population  Counterculture Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

High Culture Museum, art gallery, opera, etc

Pop Culture The latest trend

Sub Culture Rave Parties Scooter Club Old car Club Gangs

Counter Culture

CULTURAL CHANGES - This takes place in 3 ways:  INVENTION - creating new cultural elements Telephone or airplane  DISCOVERY – recognizing and understanding something already in existence X-rays or DNA  DIFFUSION – the spread of cultural traits from one society to another Jazz music or much of the English language