1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences April 4 Lecture 64

2 Office Hour Invitations April 4, 11:30-2:30, Kenny

3 Please complete your evaluation for this course. Your evaluation will be anonymous and secure. 3 To date, 21% of students have completed the evaluation. (Goal: 60% completion rate!) Reminders

A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 4

5 Exploitation, Oppression, and Violence 1.What forms of exploitation, oppression, and violence occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? (continued)

6 2. discuss global efforts (“grass roots” and legal) to eliminate gender-based exploitation, oppression, and violence. 1. generate global examples of gender-based exploitation, oppression, and violence. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:

7 What forms of exploitation, oppression, and violence occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? (continued)

8 China: The sex ratio is “abnormal”: Among children aged 0-4, there are 120 boys for every 100 girls. The high male-to-female ratio is the result of sex-selective abortion, female infanticide, and neglect of young girls (Banister, 2004).

9 Democratic Republic of Congo: Rape has been used as a wartime weapon. Hundreds of thousands of females have been raped; it is estimated that 40 females are raped each day. “[Rape] is strategically used to shame, demoralize and humiliate the enemy. By systematically raping women and girls, armed groups assert power and domination over not only the women, but their men as well.... both the men and the women simultaneously experience the destruction of their ability to enact enforced gender norms” (see Brown, 2012).

10 Egypt: 91% of married women between the ages of 15 and 49 have undergone female genital cutting (FGC; Lancaster, 1996). Globally, 140 million women have been exposed to FGC. The procedure is most common in western, eastern, and north-eastern Africa (WHO, 2012). Estimates suggest that 3 million girls are cut each year (Kristof & WuDunn, 2009).

11 Female Genital Cutting: Infibulation

12 Ethiopia: For every 100 boys who are enrolled in primary or secondary education, only 69 girls are (World Bank, 2002). Estonia: 29% of women aged and 52% of women aged 65 or older fear domestic violence (UN Children’s Fund, 2000). India: Each year, approximately 5000 “dowry-deaths” of women occur (UN Children’s Emergency Fund, 2002).

13 Rumana Monzur, Bangladesh Malala Yousafzai, Pakistan

14 Rwanda: Males were subject to sex-selective massacre by the “genocidaires” (Carpenter, 2006).

15 Following the Rwandan genocide, estimates suggested that 70% of the country’s population was female; today, the figure is 54% due to the return of refugees (Jones, 2002, 2004; Kristof & WuDunn, 2009). “The opening blast of the genocide was accompanied by an injunction not to repeat the ‘mistake’ of the 1959 revolution, when male children had been spared only to return as guerilla fighters” (Jones, 2002).

16 Saudi Arabia: Females are not permitted to drive and cannot travel without the permission of a male guardian (Slavin, 2009). Turkey: Each year, at least 200 females are the victims of honour killings (Moore, 2001). The UN estimates there are 5000 honour killings a year (Kristof & WuDunn, 2009).

17 Ukraine: More than 70% of unemployed individuals are female. Hundreds of thousands of unemployed females have been transported to the West; one-fifth have been sex trafficked (Kutova, 2000). United States: 26% of individuals who are transgender have experienced physical assault; 41% have attempted suicide (National Center for Transgender Equality, National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, October 2010).

Percentage of the Population that is Enslaved, by Country (Fisher, 2013) 18

19 2. discuss global efforts (“grass roots” and legal) to eliminate gender-based exploitation, oppression, and violence. 1. generate global examples of gender-based exploitation, oppression, and violence. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: