Motivation Theories Objectives: In this Chapter you will learn about the following: -Motivation -The need theory, tow Factor theory, expectancy theory of motivation and personality and social character dimensions

Motivation Theories Expectancy Theories Social Character and Personality Dimensions Tow-Factor Theory Needs and Goals The Hierarchy of Needs Motivation Theories

One way of grouping the major theories of motivation is by distinguishing between: 1- Content theories 2-Process theories 3-Newer approaches to motivation in organization

Needs and Goals Tow-Factor TheoryExpectancy Theories Social Character and Personality Dimensions Motivation Theories The Hierarchy of Needs Needs and Goals: -Needs -Goals -Motivation & Morale Motivation Theories

Needs and Goals: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Goals Each person has different set of goals, they vary with time circumstances and other factors such as : -Genetic inheritance, childhood environment and education. -Experience -Age and position -Culture -Self-concept

The Hierarchy of Needs Tow-Factor TheoryExpectancy Theories Social Character and Personality Dimensions Motivation Theories The Hierarchy of Needs: -Maslow’s Theory -Does it work? Needs and GoalsMotivation Theories

Maslow’s Theory, Does it work?

Activity Time ! Decide which of Maslow's categories the following fit into: Receiving praise from your manager A family party An artist forgetting to eat A pay increase Joining a local drama group Buying your dream car

Two-Factor Theory Two-Factor Theory: -Herzberg’s Theory Does it work ? Expectancy Theories Social Character and Personality Dimensions Motivation Theories The Hierarchy of Needs Needs and GoalsMotivation Theories

Two-Factor Theory: Herzberg’s Theory: American Psychologist Frederick Herzberg interviewed 203 Pittsburgh engineers and accountants. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators). However, there were also factors that would de- motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygiene factors)

Two Factors Hygiene Factors Company policy Salary Quality of supervision Interpersonal relations Working conditions Job security Motivator Factors Status Advancement Gaining recognition Being given responsibility Challenging work Achievement Growth in the job

Expectancy Theories Social Character and Personality Dimensions Expectancy Theories: -Vroom’s theory -Handy’s Motivation calculus Tow-Factor Theory The Hierarchy of Needs Motivation theories Needs and GoalsMotivation Theories

Vroom’s Theory / Handy’s Theory Victor Vroom (American Psychologist) Human motivation can be assessed and measured, based on expectancy theory. The strength of an individual motivation is the product of 2 factors: -The strength of his performance for a certain outcome (Valence) -His/her expectation that that outcome will in fact result from a certain behavior (subjective probability.

Handy’s Theory -Individual own needs -Desired results or outcome ‘E’ Factors

Social Character &Personality Dimensions Social Character and Personality Dimensions: -What motivates? -Social Character type theory -Costa & McRae’s 5 factor theory Expectancy Theories Tow-Factor Theory Motivation theories The Hierarchy of Needs Needs and GoalsMotivation Theories

Social Character and Personality Dimensions: What motivates? - There are 2 kinds of motivation : Extrinsic motivation & Intrinsic motivation

Social Character type theory Maccoby’s theory of social character explores the dominant values that determine motivation and allows us to differentiate 5 value types: the expert, helper, defender, innovator and self- developer. (table page 199)

Costa & McCrae’s 5 factor theory Robert McCrae and Paul Cost, developed “The big five” or “The 5 factor personality theory”