STYLE, STRATEGIES, AND AFFECTIVE FACTORS ELT DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH DR. ABDELRAHIM HAMID MUGADDAM

Different learners learn differently Visual and Auditory styles: preference that learners usually show in a formal classroom either visual or auditory. Cross-cultural differences: Japanese least auditory oriented than Chinese and Arabic students Korean: more visually oriented than native English –speaking American

STRATEGIES Learning strategies and communication strategies. Good language learners(Thomson,1982): 1.Find their own way of learning 2.Organize information about language 3.Creative developing a feel for the language 4.Make their own opprtunities for practice 5.Learn to live with uncertainty, but not getting flustred by any 6.Use mnemic and other memory strategies 7.Make errors work for them not against them 8.Use linguistic knowledge including that of their first language 9.Use contextual cues to help them in comprehension 10.Learn to make intelligent guesses 11.Learn chunks of language as wholes and formalize routines to help them perform beyond their competence.

Learn certain tricks that help them keep conversation going. Learn certain production strategies to fill in the gaps in their own competence. Learn different styles of speech and writing and learn to vary their language according to the formality of the sittuation.

LEARNING STRATEGIES Metacognitive strategies: Advanced organizers Selective attention self management (understanding the conditions that helps one learn) Self-monitoring Delayed production (consciously deciding to postpone speaking in order to learn initially through learning). Self-Evaluation: checking the outcomes of one’s own language against an internal measure of completeness & accuracy

COGNITIVE STRATEGIES Repetition Resourcing (using target language reference materials). Translation Grouping reordering & reclassifying the material to be learned. Note-taking Deduction (consciously applying rules to produce and understand language)

Recombination: building meaningful sentences Imagery: relating new information to visual concepts Auditory representation: retention of the sound or a similar sound for a word, phrase, etc. Keyword; remember a new word by identifying a familiar word and generating easily recorded images Contextualization Elaboration relating new information to other concepts in memory. Transfer : using previously acquired linguistic knowledge to acquire new one.

SOCIO-AFFECTIVE STRATEGIES Cooperation: working with one or more peers to obtain feedback, pool information, or a model language activities Questions for clarification: asking questions for repetition, paraphrasing, explanation, and or examples.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES A. Avoidance strategies 1.Message abandonment: leaving a message incomplete 2.Topic avoidance: avoiding topic areas or concepts that pose language difficulties.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES CONTINUE.. Compensatory strategies 1.Circumlocution (the thing you open bottle with) 2.Approximation 3.Use of all purpose words : extending a general empty word to context where specific words are lacking (e.g., the overuse of thing, stuff, what-do-you call it)

Word coinage Prefabricated patterns—using memorized stock phrases (where is the---) Nonlinguistic signals; Mime, gesture facial expression, or sound imitation. Literal translation Code-switching Asking for help

STRATEGY-BASED INSTRUCTION Teachers help students to become aware of their style. Teachers can imbed strategy awreness and practice into their own pedagogy Certain compensatory techniques are sometimes practiced to help students overcome certain weaknesses Textbooks includes strategy instruction as part of a content-cenered approach

PERSONALITY FACTORS Self-Esteem: self confidence, knowledge of oneself (global stable among mature adults & situational--self appraisal, and task) Inhibition: ego protection, Language ego Risk-taking Anxiety Empathy: ‘is the process of putting yourself into someone else’s shoes’ to understand what another person is feeling

Extroversion: extroverted person is perceived as life of the party person. A person who has a deep-seated need to receive ego enhancement, self-esteem, and a sense of wholeness from other peope. Introvert: quiet and reserved

MOTIVATION Integrative instrumental