Commercially available Natural Pozzolans in North America Joseph Thomas Committee 240 Natural Pozzolans Presented: 27 Oct 2014

Natural Pozzolans A Brief History Greeks/Romans are the first known to have purposefully incorporated natural pozzolans into their construction programs. The Romans, famously, are the first to use concrete on grand scale, to construct public buildings, monuments, & infrastructure such as roads and ports. Roman concrete, or Opus Caementicium, was the key ingredient in such iconic structures as the Coliseum and the Pantheon. Roman cement was simply lime, natural pozzolan, and water. Add aggregates, and you have Roman concrete, with examples enduring for over 2000 years……

Roman concrete endures Millennia

Modern Concrete, without pozzolan…. …as a rule, does not endure nearly as well :

Ancient pozzolans were derived from…. Natural volcanic ash, pumicites, and pumice Pulverized clay based bricks (fired) Modern pozzolans are largely….. Industrial by-products such as Flue or Fly Ash from the coal fired power generation process, ground GBFS from steel production, & Silica Fume derived from the silicon production process

Natural Pozzolans (NP) are used extensively outside of North America….. Examples per US Geological Survey….. Country Tons of NP/yr Type Saudi Arabia 1,000,000 pumice Italy 4,000,000 pumice Greece 285,000 pumice Ecuador 640,000 pumice Cameroon 600,000 pumice Chile 816,000 pumice USA <100,000 est. pumice/mk/shale

Why Not North America? 1. No long-term history of using pumice products in construction projects (unlike Europe). 2. Industrial by-products widely available and inexpensive. 3. Need for pozzolan in concrete not as widely accepted here as it is in other locations. Much of the cement in Central & South America, Africa, and southern Europe (and Iceland) is amended with natural pozzolans (similar to 1P cements). 4. Only about 50% of US based concrete has a pozzolan included in the mix design (Karthik).

Will Natural Pozzolans ever become widely accepted in North America? 1. When fly ash quality is effectively reduced to a point where current ASTM certification is no longer possible….. 2. When fly ash availability is diminished….. 3. When the cost of good, quality Class F fly ash approaches the current cost of natural pozzolans……. 4. Then, natural pozzolans will begin to make their mark in concrete infrastructure (outside of the specialty markets they now serve)….

Natural Pozzolan Calcined and Raw Part I: Calcined Natural Pozzolans MetaKaolin & Expanded Shale Part II: Raw Natural Pozzolans Pumice, Pumicite & Zeolite

Part I - Natural Pozzolans: Calcined Metakaolins – 5

Natural Pozzolans – Calcined (1 of 5) Producer: Advanced Cement Technology Brand Name: PowerPozz (Metakaolin) 435 Martin Street, Suite 2040 Blaine, WA 98231-4966 800-595-7552 Color: Off-White D50: 4.5 SpG: 2.6

Natural Pozzolans – Calcined (2 of 5) Producer: BASF – North America (Georgia) Product Name: MetaMax (Metakaolin) Address: 100 Park Avenue Florham Park, New Jersey 07932 Inquiries:  (800) 669-BASF or (973) 245-7201 Color: 85% GE D50: 1.5u micron pH: 6

Natural Pozzolans – Calcined (3 0f 5) Producer: Burgess Brand Name: OptiPozz (Metakaolin) P.O. Box 349 | 525 Beck Blvd. | Sandersville, GA 31082 USA (478) 552-2544 | (800) 841-8999 Color – Cream White APS: 1.4u micron SpG: 2.2

Natural Pozzolans – Calcined (4 of 5) Producer: KaMin Brand: HR Pozz (Metakaolin) 822 Huber Road Macon, GA  31217 478.319.2763 (Clarence) Color: Off-white D50: 1.6u micron SpG: 2.3

Natural Pozzolans – Calcined (5 of 5) Producer: Thiele Kaolin Company Brand Name: KaoRock (Metakaolin) PO Box 1056, Sandersville, GA 31082 Phone: 877-544-3322 Fax: 478-552-3951 MPS: 1.5u micron Color: 80 GE SpG:

Part II - Natural Pozzolans: Raw Pumice/Pumicite - 3 Ignimbrite – 1 Expanded Shale/DE - 1 Zeolite – 1

Natural Pozzolan – Raw (1 of 6) Producer: CR Minerals Brand: Navaho Brand Pozzolan (Pumice) P.O. Box 708 Ohkay Owingeh, NM 87566 505-428-2940 Color: 80 GE SpG: 2.3 D50: approx 14u micron Std/3u micron Ultra

Natural Pozzolans – Calcined (2 of 6) Producer: GCC Brand: MicroSilex (Ignimbrite) 600 S Cherry St Ste 1000 Denver, CO (303) 739-5900 Color: Tan SpG: 2.3 95% passing 325 mesh

Natural Pozzolan – Raw (3 of 6) Producer: Hess Pumice Products Brand: HessPozz (Pumice) 100 Hess Drive Malad City, ID 83252 800-767-4701 Color: 80 GE SpG: 2.3 D50: approx 14u micron – Std/ 3u micron - Ultra

Natural Pozzolan – Raw (4 of 6) Producer: SR Materials Brand: Panaca Natural Pozzolan (Rhyolitic Pumicite) 333 Hansen St, Panaca, NV 89042 (480) 850-5757 Color: Off-white

Natural Pozzolan - Raw (5 of 6) Producer: Nevada Cement Co. Brand: Class N Pozzolan P.O. Box 840 Fernley Nevada 89408 775-575-2281 SpG: 2.6 Color: Off-White

Natural Pozzolan – (6 of 6) Producer: Bear River Zeolite Brand: BRZ Pozzolan (Zeolite) 4005 East Glendale Road Preston, ID 83263 Tel: 406-827-3523 SpG: 2.2 Color: Light Green 95% pass 325 mesh screen

Natural Pozzolan – Calcined (7 of 7) Producer: Christy Minerals Brand: DynaPoz (Metakaolin) 833 Booneslick Rd High Hill, MO 63350 Phone: (636) 585-2214

These are the only commercially available natural pozzolans that I am aware of…..if you know of a natural pozzolan producer in North America that is not on this list, please send information to: joe@magmatics.com Fax: 2087662907 Call: 2082219382 I will keep the list active and make additions/changes as I become aware of them. Joseph Thomas/Magmatics Inc/2082219382 mobile