QUIZ - what do you remember? 1.Define Tidal Volume. 2.State a logical volume in mL for Tidal Volume 3.Compare and contrast IRV and ERV 4.How do you calculate a person’s Vital Capacity? (write a mathematical equation) 5.What is the difference between cardiac output and stroke volume? 6.Av. Adult cardiac index is 3.10 mL/m2/min. What does this physiologically mean? Why is the cardiac index a valuable for calculations?

HEART – BLOOD - LUNGS Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Combined

Two loops: what’s the difference?

 Gas Transport  A.Gases are transported in association with molecules in the blood or dissolved in the plasma. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

B.Oxygen Transport 1.Over 98% of oxygen is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin of red blood cells, producing oxyhemoglobin. 2.Oxyhemoglobin is unstable in areas where the concentration of oxygen is low, and gives up its oxygen molecules in those areas. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

More oxygen is released as the blood concentration of carbon dioxide increases, as the blood becomes more acidic, and as blood temperature increases. 4.A deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues is called hypoxia and has a variety of causes. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

C.Carbon Dioxide Transport 1.Carbon dioxide may be transported dissolved in blood plasma, as carbaminohemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions. 2.Most carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

When carbon dioxide reacts with water in the plasma, carbonic acid is formed slowly, but instead much of the carbon dioxide enters red blood cells, where the enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds this reaction. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The resulting carbonic acid dissociates immediately, releasing bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. 5.Carbaminohemoglobin also releases its carbon dioxide which diffuses out of the blood into the alveolar air. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cellular process driving cardio and respiratory demands? Cellular respiration Equation? Glucose +oxygen carbon dioxide + water When would blood have higher than normal levels of carbon dioxide?

Carbon dioxide is carried in blood as BICARBONATE H 2 CO 3 H 2 CO 3 HCO H+ when lots of CO 2 enters the blood Blast from chemistry past: [H+] means blood is more___ than normal So when exercising your blood pH becomes ___!

How does your body know the pH has dropped? 1. Medulla oblongata * Contains chemoreceptors that detect blood pH, if drops sends nerve impulses to ____ and ______ to increase rate of breathing.

How does your body know the pH has dropped? 2. Chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic arteries detect drop in pH - Send message to cardioaccelerator center in medulla oblongata and ______nerves stimulate increase heart rate

THE ATHLETE It’s all about HOMEOSTASIS – an athlete’s consistent demand for ATP is at a different level than a non-athlete’s demand so…

Designing A Good Exercise Program A.Correct intensity as measured by heart rate 1.Heart must work athlete 80-90% of the max. HR normal 70-80% of the max. HR older60-70% of the max. HR 2.Maximum HR= 220 — age e.g. a normal person 40 years of age (220-40) x 70% 180 x 0.7 =126.0 beats/min. 180 x 0.8=144 beats/min.

Designing A Good Exercise Program (con’t) B.Correct duration 1.20 minutes or longer at target heart rate C.Frequency times a week or every other day

Review: athlete vs non-athletic Resting heart rateNormal average resting heart rates in beats per minute bpm – Normal adults60-80 bpm – Athletes40-60 bpm – Children bpm Recovery time after reaching max heart rate – Calculating recovery heart rate The individual should take their resting pulse and record it. Take a pulse rate immediately after finishing exercising. Record the number. Take a pulse rate one minute later. Record the number. Subtract the number for the second pulse rate from the first pulse rate after exercise This is the recovery heart rate number. The bigger the number the fitter they are. Stroke volume Lung capacities – not a significant difference but lung diseases/disorders can impair athletic efficiency

Patient Analysis Practice One person volunteer to be the “patient” and complete the survey Everyone in group must work together on the analysis – Review Blood pressure technique and meanings Cardiac output and stroke volume calculations Blood typing (hypothetical of course)

X. Designing A Good Exercise Program A.Correct intensity as measured by heart rate 1.Heart must work athlete 80-90% of the max. HR normal 70-80% of the max. HR older60-70% of the max. HR 2.Maximum HR= 220 — age e.g. a normal person 40 years of age (220-40) x 70% 180 x 0.7 =126.0 beats/min. 180 x 0.8=144 beats/min.

X. Designing A Good Exercise Program A.Correct intensity as measured by heart rate 1.Heart must work athlete 80-90% of the max. HR normal 70-80% of the max. HR older60-70% of the max. HR 2.Maximum HR= 220 — age e.g. a normal person 40 years of age (220-40) x 70% 180 x 0.7 =126.0 beats/min. 180 x 0.8=144 beats/min.

Designing A Good Exercise Program (con’t) B.Correct duration 1.20 minutes or longer at target heart rate C.Frequency times a week or every other day