Evidence Based Practice & Research in Nursing University of Tabuk Dr. Jay Qais Nantin Ablao Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences Department of Nursing Evidence Based Practice & Research in Nursing Level 8, Academic Year (AY) 1434—1435 H

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Assumption

Assumption Assumptions or assertions related to the problem usually drawn from the theoretical framework. Assumed by the researcher as true, on the basis of logic or reason. They need verification or testing

Theory or Research Bases Assumption Types of Assumption Beliefs taken as true by most people. Universal Assumption Basis for formulating hypotheses of the study Serve as starting point from which the study proceeds Study Assumption It may come from the findings of previous research Theory or Research Bases Assumption Department of Nursing

Theory or Research Bases Assumption Examples All human beings need love Smoking is dangerous to health Universal Assumption Nursing care influences the recovery of the patient Parallel play among toddlers promotes social development Study Assumption Attitudes and behaviors of nurses are affected by the type of disease and severity of manifestations felt by patients. Theory or Research Bases Assumption Department of Nursing

Characteristics of Assumptions They are universally accepted truths They are theories applicable to a particular field of study They refer to findings of previous related research

Hypothesis Department of Nursing

Provides predicted answers to research questions. Hypotheses Statements of researcher’s expectations regarding the relationship between and among variables. Statements that translate a problem into precise predictions of expected outcomes. Provides predicted answers to research questions. Department of Nursing

Guidelines in Formulating Research Hypotheses Subject to testing through data collection and analysis. Follows the theoretical framework of the study and are based on theories, principles and concept. Stated in declarative form. Tentative solutions or answers to inquiries.

Guidelines in Formulating Research Hypotheses Should be formulated before the conduct of study. The theoretical framework provides the theories and principles on which to base the hypotheses. Relate to the problems raised in the study.

Purposes of Hypotheses Unify theory and reality by evaluating theory on the basis of observable facts or reality. Gives direction to research by determining research design, data collection procedures, analysis and interpretation of data.

Purposes of Hypotheses Enhance knowledge by inducing critical thinking and deepening insights. It helps the researcher in the analysis and interpretation of findings.

Characteristics of Hypotheses 1. Testability – implies that variables in the study are observable, measurable and subject to analysis. Hypotheses that are not testable: - When variables are not observable, measurable and cannot be subjected to objective and factual testing and analysis. - When variables do not state predicted relationship.

Characteristics of Hypotheses 2. If they state anticipated relationships between two or more variables. 3. If they are logical and justifiable, and consistent with an existing body of knowledge or research finings. 4. They relate directly to the research problem.

Characteristics of Hypotheses 5. Factually and theoretically based. 6. Set the limits of the study. 7. Stated in such a way they are either accepted or rejected.

Sources of Hypotheses Problems, issues or concerns raised in the research study. Theoretical framework, experiences, observations, replications and related literature. Induction and deduction

General Induction Specific Department of Nursing Observation patterns, trends of phenomena with a tentative explanation or prediction of a phenomena General Department of Nursing

Deduction Department of Nursing General Begins with general theories and principles applied to a particular situation. Specific Department of Nursing

Types of Hypotheses Simple vs. Complex Simple Hypotheses- state relationship between an independent and dependent relationship also known as univariate hypothesis. ex. Tall people eat more than short people. Complex Hypotheses- predicts relationship between two or more dependent variables and independent variables.

Types of Hypotheses Complex Hypotheses Examples: (1 independent vs. 2 dependent) Tall people tend to eat more and weigh more than short people. (2 independent vs. 1 dependent) Tall people and people with high caloric intake tend to weigh more than short people and people with low caloric intake

Types of Hypotheses Statistical hypothesis- stated in null form that there exists no significant relationship also known as null hypothesis. Ex. There is no significant relationship between maternal heroin addiction and birth weights of infants.

Types of Hypotheses 2. Directional vs. Non-directional Directional – specifies clearly the characteristics or qualities of the variables being investigated. - extent of relationship - expected outcome Ex. Infants of Heroin-Addicted mothers have lower birth weights than infants of non-heroin-addicted mothers.

Types of Hypotheses Non-directional – merely predicts the type of relationship but does not predict extent of relationship. Ex. Infants of addicted mothers have lower birth weights compared to infants of non-addicted mothers

Types of Hypotheses 3. Research vs. Statistical Hypotheses Research hypothesis - also referred as substantive or declarative or alternative hypothesis. Ex. There is significant relationship between maternal heroin addiction and birth weight of infant.

Advantages of the Null Hypothesis Scientifically objective Reflects the impartiality of the research Minimizes research bias

Statement of the Hypotheses Theoretical Form General or literary hypothesis and explained by a known theory Ex. Infants born to heroin addicted mothers have same birth weight as infants born to non-heroin addicted mothers Operational Form Known as specific or predictive hypothesis. Empirical data and statistics are required to accept or reject a hypothesis. Ex. There is no significant relationship between the amount of nutritional intake and degree or extent of complications among pregnant women. Department of Nursing

Criteria in Writing Hypotheses: Stated in declarative form Identifies the variables and population Reflects the problem statement Empirically tested Department of Nursing

Scope and Delimitation Researcher must be aware of and should state constraints in his study over which he/she has no control Uncontrolled variables may affect study results but should not go beyond what the study can achieve in terms of: Issues – past and current Scope or coverage of areas of concern Respondents Time frame Type of data such as qualitative, quantitative or combined

Scope and Delimitation Delimitations sets the parameters of the study by accepting what should be included, and rejecting what should be excluded. Specific constraints should be set by the researcher such as the ff: a. Scope or Coverage b. Expected Manageability of the Problem c. Limitations of the study

Scope and Delimitation Scope or Coverage – context of the study in terms of subject, concepts, specific characteristics, phenomenon, treatment sampling and time frame. - Who, what, why, when, where and how of the study shall then be clarified.

Scope and Delimitation B. Expected Manageability – Internal and external constraints that may affect validity and reliability of the study. C. Limitations of the study – anticipated shortfalls and specific constraints such as methodology and design, population, inaccessibility of the data, statistical treatment and analysis and failure to get a representative sampling.

What is the type of assumption specific to one’s research study? Universal Assumption Study Assumption Research or theory based Assumption Assumption Department of Nursing

What is the type of assumption specific to one’s research study? Universal Assumption Study Assumption Research or theory based Assumption Assumption Department of Nursing

The statement “Breastfeeding is best for babies” is what type of assumption? Universal Assumption Study Assumption Research or theory based Assumption Assumption Department of Nursing

The statement “Breastfeeding is best for babies” is what type of assumption? Universal Assumption Study Assumption Research or theory based Assumption Assumption Department of Nursing

Inductive Deductive General Specific Known as type of reasoning that begins with observation of patterns, trends of phenomena with a tentative explanation or prediction of a phenomena: Inductive Deductive General Specific Department of Nursing

Inductive Deductive General Specific Known as type of reasoning that begins with observation of patterns, trends of phenomena with a tentative explanation or prediction of a phenomena? Inductive Deductive General Specific Department of Nursing

Statistical hypothesis Simple hypothesis Complex hypothesis The statement “Positive family history and stressful life events are associated with an increased incidence of Alzheimer’s disease” is what kind of hypothesis: Research hypothesis Statistical hypothesis Simple hypothesis Complex hypothesis Department of Nursing

Statistical hypothesis Simple hypothesis Complex hypothesis The statement “Positive family history and stressful life events are associated with an increased incidence of Alzheimer’s disease” is what kind of hypothesis: Research hypothesis Statistical hypothesis Simple hypothesis Complex hypothesis Department of Nursing

Scope Limitation Hypothesis Assumption Known a statements that translate a problem into precise predictions of expected outcomes. Scope Limitation Hypothesis Assumption Department of Nursing

Scope Limitation Hypothesis Assumption Known a statements that translate a problem into precise predictions of expected outcomes. Scope Limitation Hypothesis Assumption Department of Nursing

Curriculum & Course Development Committee References Sherman, R. O. & Eggenberger, T. (2008). Transitioning internationally recruited nurses into clinical settings. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 39(12), 535-44. Tombaugh, J. Mayfield, C., & Durand, R. (2011). Spiritual expression at work: exploring the active voice of workplace spirituality. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/868257687/1417EACB30831975A4A/1?accountid=33657 DEPARTMENT OF NURSING Curriculum & Course Development Committee Department of Nursing