The Cold War in the Middle East

 Analyze the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power of Abdel Gamal Nasser in creating a single-party state.  Conditions: Historical Context, Ideology  Methods: Attracting Support, Repressing opposition, forms of government control

 New Constitution  Egypt independent from a bipolar world  Non-alignment states- anti- imperialist & “positive neutrality”  Attended African-Asian Bandung Conference-1955  Will go to USSR for arms  Socialist Arab state  One-party political system  Islam official religion  99.8% approved  99% voted for Nasser (the only candidate)

 Non-alignment  Third World countries met to decide action against pressure for alignment  Nasser became leading spokesman for non- alignment

 The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states which are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.  As of 2012, the movement has 120 members and 17 observer countries  Founded in Belgrade in 1961

 1979, Fidel Castro said the purpose of the organization is to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism,colonialism, neo- colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics"

 Aswan High Dam Project-Jan 1960 Nasser  Irrigation  Navigable up to Sudan  Hydro-electric power  Control flooding  New fishing industry  World Bank (with support from Britain and U.S.) agreed to finance first stage

 Eradicate remnants of colonialism  Pressured King Hussein of Jordan to dismiss British chief of staff, Glubb Pasha  Send aid to Algerians fighting French  Pressured Arab states to oppose the British Baghdad Pact (later Central Treaty Organization – CENTO)

 Egyptian Armament  Why?  Israeli attacks-border attacks after  1948 War  Fedayeen  Tripartite Declaration (1950)  Limited arm sales to Middle East  Israel and France circumvented  U.S., Britain and France refuse to sell weapons  U.S. – Election year  France – Angry over Algeria  How?  Arms deal with Czechoslovakia (Acting for USSR)  U.S.A. withheld funding for Aswan Dam - Suez Crisis: Czech Arms Deal and USA Anger

 Nationalization of the Suez Canal  Why?  Finance Aswan High Dam from tolls  U.S. withdrew money because of arms deal & recognition of China  How?  Compensating British and French share-holders m/watch?v=ZHP3XClj-tk

 Israeli Fears  Threatened by Czech arms sales  Egyptian blockade of Straits of Tiran

 British fears- Eden  Nasser wanted  to build united communist nation  Threaten the West’s oil supply

 French  Ferdinand de Lesseps built Suez  Egyptians arming the Algerians  - to resist colonialism

 U.S. Role – Differing views  Conventional – U.S. and Soviets unaware  Crisis in Hungary- uprising  Tomkinson – U.S. hinted support  Kissinger - U.S. implicit objection to the use of force  Election year  Distrusted British & creating instability  What evidence in the News Reel reveals US position on the Suez Crisis?  US newsreel

 Sevres Protocol  Secret meeting between British, French, and Israelis  Leaked  British denied  Plan put into action 4 days later

 Oct. 29, 1956  Israelis invaded Egypt  Captured Sinai Peninsula in a week  British and French issued an “ultimatum” to both sides to withdraw from Suez Canal  Deceptive  Egypt ignored  British and French bombed Egyptian airfields and landed troops

 U.N.  Soviets and U.S. demanded withdrawal  Generated a run on British and French currencies  British, French and Israelis agreed on withdrawal  UN moved to police Israeli-Egyptian border tube.com/watch ?v=zoropj61INo

The United Nations tries to solve the Suez crisis

 Nasser gained prestige  British and French didn’t topple  Focus of Arab nationalism  What evidence from Nasser’s speech exhibits why his people supported his leadership?  v=fUYXy6UhQBI speech response to British criticisms v=fUYXy6UhQBI  Arabs reduced oil exports to West  Soviets finished Aswan dam  Nasser moved toward Soviets

 First monitor Middle East peace agreement- After used differently  After Korea- monitor DMZ zone 38th  United Nations military personnel are the Blue Helmets on the ground  They come from national armies of different countries  Serve for 1 year  No standing reserve-response to a UN resolution; expensive  alongside UN Police (1960s)- also from respected countries first-Blue Berets TODAY- 97,000 UN uniformed personnel (Military and Police) coming from over 110 countries. They come from nations large and small, rich and poor ikipedia.org /wiki/Timel ine_of_Unit ed_Nations _peacekee ping_missi ons ikipedia.org /wiki/Timel ine_of_Unit ed_Nations _peacekee ping_missi ons Missions

 Egyptians blocked Canal with sunken ships  UN removed later

 Eisenhower Doctrine  January 5, 1957  $200 million in aid to any state in aid against Communist aggression  singled out the USSR; “aggression from any nation controlled by international communism”  Extended Truman Doc & containment to Middle East  Only Lebanon accepted

 Many dimensions  Arab/Israel conflict  Arab nationalist against British and French colonialism  Cold War- into Africa  UN protect Israel- Arab resent  Rise of Nasser

 1964 First stage completed of Aswan High Dam  Khrushchev attends ceremony  - soviet aid  Nasser awarded Order of Lenin and the Hero of the Soviet Union  Really Khrushchev? Really?