SECTION 9.1 THE CIVIL WAR BEGINS

Causes of the Civil War (Just for Review) The 1860 Election of Abraham Lincoln South secedes “Bleeding Kansas” Bloodshed was necessary to solve disputes Uncle Tom’s Cabin Strengthened Northern hatred of slavery John Brown’s Raid “proved the North wanted to kill slaveholders” Fugitive Slave Act/Underground Railroad Forced Northern involvement in Southern slavery

Advantages Union (north) Industrialized Railroad; Telegraph; Factories Population 4 million white males Strong Navy ¾ of naval officers came from North More sufficient Economy Confederates (South) Well-trained Army Strong military tradition in South Military Leadership 7 of 8 US military colleges were in the South Robert E. Lee Defending way of life Fighting on homeland

Disadvantages Union Poor military leadership Poorly trained soldiers Fighting on foreign soil Confederates Lack of industry Population 9 million (1/3 were slaves) Weak central gov’t Poor financial system

What Kinds of Economies? North: 90% of factories, 94% of all Iron - Needed for weapons, etc. Food=fishing and farming South had cotton, tobacco, rice and corn -No real way to transport it! Navy blocking ships + RR not done=

How did they finance the war in the North? Taxes & tariffs raises money for the gov’t Banks  large reserves of cash Lent to the gov’t through bonds Legal Tender Act (1862) Create national currency Allowed gov’t to issue greenbacks Paper bills (green)

How did they finance the war in the South? Many farmers in debt  unable to buy war bonds Banks  few cash reserves (No “extra money”) Union naval blockade restricted foreign trade Confederacy imposed new taxes Many Southerners refused to pay Began printing greenbacks Caused rapid inflation 1865  9000% Money became worthless

Politics in the North **********Lincoln’s Goal  preserve Union even if slavery was to continue “War Democrats” Supported war to restore the Union Opposed ending slavery Copperheads Democrats who opposed the war Reunite the states thru negotiation Viewed as traitors Radical Republicans Abolitionists who wanted Lincoln to make slavery the main issue of the war

Lincoln suspends Civil Liberties 1862  passed conscription law (the Draft) Involuntary military service to ensure enough troops States that did not recruit enough volunteers had to use conscription Riots erupt in many Northern cities  NYC 1863 Suspended writs of habeas corpus Person’s right not to be imprisoned unless charged w/ a crime and given a trial Allowed gov’t to imprison rebel supporters & draft resisters indefinitely w/o trial OBVIOUS VIOLATION OF BILL OF RIGHTS Did not allow anti-war newspapers to use mail

Supreme Court Cases (that you will probably see on a test) Ex Parte Vallandigham (1864) Vallandigham, a former Congressmen, blamed Lincoln for prolonging the War He was arrested and sent to prison for the remainder of the War by military court Supreme Court said its authority did not extend to military court Ex Parte Milligan (1866) Milligan plotted to steal Union weapons and free Rebel POWs Supreme Court overturned the convictions tried for treason by Military Court Even though his crime was more serious than Vallandigham’s, Milligan was released from prison

Weak Southern Gov’t Confederate Constitution  emphasized states’ rights over central gov’t power Interfered w/ Davis’ ability to conduct war Jefferson Davis Supported conscription Established martial law in 1862 Suspended writs of habeas corpus Many Southern leaders openly opposed Davis & refused to have their states obey policy

Diplomacy with Foreign Countries North Wanted Europe to stay out of the war Expected nations to respect the Union blockade Cited Monroe Doctrine South Wanted Europe to recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation Expected military aid from Britain & France Dependent on Southern cotton France would recognize CSA only if British did too

The Trent Affair Confederacy sent James Mason & John Slidell to negotiate with France & Britain Plan  travel to Europe on the British ship, Trent Union warship, San Jacinto, intercepted the Trent Arrested Mason & Slidell Britain= demands an apology & sends 8,000 troops to Canada Lincoln does not want to fight two wars Releases Mason & Slidell Britain still does give South support they wanted

Southern War Strategy Jefferson Davis  defensive** war (Revolution) Generals should pick battles carefully Retreat when necessary AVOID HEAVY CASUALTIES Smaller population NEEDED this… Plan  wear down Union of resources, they will negotiate Southern mindset  we’re superior fighters!! Often went on the offensive during battles Result  HEAVY CASUALTIES

Union Plan-Anaconda General-in-Chief Winfield Scott Blockade Confederate ports Capture Mississippi River & divide Confederacy South  run out of resources & surrender Northern opposition  too slow Massive invasion of South would bring quick victory Lincoln  agreed to blockade Southern ports… …but hoped for victory over Virginian forces to discredit secessionists & end the crisis

Overview of Strategy (Get to the Point!) North Blockade confederate ports Invade South Divide south into three Capture Richmond (Capital of Confederacy) South Be defensive & hold off Union attacks Robert E. Lee  one victory on Northern soil would force negotiation