Function 1: Getting and Delivering Oxygen Why does the human body require oxygen? to release ENERGY In Cell respiration oxygen is combined with glucose. The end products are ATP (energy) CO2 (waste). Water is made too.

How do we get the oxygen? Requires two systems: – Respiratory system: brings O2 into the body – Circulatory system: delivers O2 to EVERY single cell in your body Use the handout and diagrams to complete the next section of your notes

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Movement of Oxygen is diffusion!! When you breathe in air inflates the alveoli. The O2 concentration is higher in the alveoli than in the capillaries that run past the alveoli. CO2 is a higher concentration inside the capillaries. These gasses diffuse across the one-celled membranes of the alveoli and capillary and “exchange places”. At the cell, O2 diffuses into the cell, and CO2 into the capillary.

Now the oxygen is in the Circulatory system So…. time for some more anatomy! This website will take you through animations and explanations of how the heart works. You should go through this animation to understand the role of each component of the circulatory system as well as the chambers of the heart, direction of blood flow, and an explanation of nodes.

Three major parts to Circ. System 1.Vessels 2.Heart 3.Blood

Circulatory Vessels Include Veins (venules), Arteries (arterioles) and Capillaries Veins carry blood TO the heart. Venules are smaller veins. The largest vein is the Vena cava. Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart. Arterioles are smaller arteries. The largest artery is the aorta Capillaries are very tiny vessels. It is only in capillaries that gases, monomers, water and ions can be exchanged with the cells, or with the lungs. Capillaries are what joins arteries and veins.

Arteriole Capillary Bed Venule Capillary Artery Vein

Parts of the Heart The heart is a pump. Blood must come from the body cells to the heart, in order to be pumped to the lungs for oxygen Blood comes in the right side of heart through the vena cava, into the right atrium (top chamber, through a valve and into the right ventricle (bottom of the heart). It is then pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary ARTERIES (away). Even though this blood is in an artery the blood is NOT oxygenated.

Parts of the Heart Once the blood is oxygenated, it returns to the heart through pulmonary VEINS (to). This OXYGENATED blood goes into the left atrium, then through a valve, into the left ventricle, where it is pumped to the rest of the body through the aorta (which quickly branches in many directions) The heart coordinates the signals to contract (pump) through the SA node and the AV node

THEHEARTTHEHEART

Evolution of the Circulatory System One loop (fish) vs. two loop (reptile, mammal) Double loop is closed – blood is kept inside arteries or veins all the time. – helps with the transport of the blood around the body. double loop maintains a high pressure. – blood can travel faster – Delivers more oxygen to the body's cells.

2 vs 3 vs 4 chambered heart 2 chambered heart only works if blood is moving in a single loop 3 chambered hear has an oxygenated and deoxygenated side, but the ventricle is only partially divided 4 chambered heart separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, more efficient

Processing the food we eat Why do we need food? –Reactants for cell respiration (energy) –Building blocks for new cells, tissues, etc. –Essential nutrients: minerals, vitamins, etc. What happens to materials we can’t use? –Stored for later –Excreted –Converted into something we can use

Two main systems involved: Digestive: Breaks down food into small molecules (monomers!) and absorb the nutrients into the blood stream for delivery

Two main systems involved: Excretory: Maintain Homeostasis – internal balance of chemicals – Rids body of metabolic wastes Wastes produced by body’s metabolism Eg: Salts, Carbon Dioxide, Urea BUT how do we deliver the “good stuff”?

Salivary Glands Esophagus Liver Gall Bladder Stomach Pancreas Sm. Intestine Lg. Intestine

Swallowing

Peristalsis –

Small Intestine Villus Circular folds Villi Epithelial cells Capillaries Lacteal Vein Artery

Excretion Major Excretory Organs – Skin – water and salts – Lungs – CO2 – Large intestines – excess/indigestible solid waste – Kidneys and associated organs - Urea

Renal VeinRenal Artery Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Excretory System Kidney

Filtration Most filtration occurs in the glomerulus. Blood pressure forces water, salt, glucose, amino acids, and urea into Bowman’s capsule. Proteins and blood cells are too large to cross the membrane; they remain in the blood. The fluid that enters the renal tubules is called the filtrate. Reabsorption As the filtrate flows through the renal tubule, most of the water and nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood. The concentrated fluid that remains is called urine. Secretion Substances such as hydrogen ions are transferred from the blood to the filtrate.

Communications In the Body Two systems involved: 1.Nervous – 2.Endocrine –